<p>Betal Rock Shelter , a karst cave located on the south-eastern edge of the Lower Pivka river valley on a slope just above the road from Postojna to Bukovje is a site, where rich cultural sediment layers with remains of stone tools, artifacts and numerous fossilized bones of contemporary animals were found. Its entrance has been formed by the collapse of the 174 m long cave&#39;s ceiling, carved out by the waters of the Pivka river.</p><br>
<p>The first excavations were carried out by Franco Anelli from 1933 to 1939. He excavated both in the cave and in front of it and found a large number of Palaeolithic artifacts and numerous faunal remains, although this work remained mainly unpublished. Systematic recording of the archaeological sequence was begun anew by Srečko Brodar from 1947 to 1953.</p><br>
<p>The oldest strata are attributed to the warm Mindel-Riss interglacial period followed by the Riss glaciation period, that consisted of rock debris mixed with loam and pieces of sinter. In it proto-Mousterian stone tools and the fossilized bones of a Deningers bear have been found, dated to an age of 300,000 years. The next strata of red loam and debris contained faunal bone fossils from Cave bear (Ursus spelaeus), wolf, the Alpine marmot, the Mercks rhinoceros, the Cave hyena, wild boar, and elk. The stone tool assemblage discovered in this stratum has been assigned to the Homo neanderthalensis Mousterian culture. The following strata also held Pleistocene faunal remains, particularly those of the Alpine marmot, of reindeer and Cave bear. The presence of these fossils points to a deposition during the last glacial period, the Würm glaciation, which lasted from 110,000 to 11,700 years ago. This layer included numerous tool flakes created through flint knapping by Neanderthal occupants and modern humans, who account for the few tools of Gravettian culture. The uppermost stratum includes Neolithic tools and the fossilized bones of wild boar, wolf and beaver, whose presence suggests the establishment of the most recent Holocene climate. The top coat of this stratum carried Bronze Age and Iron Age tools, artifacts, pottery shards and the skeletal remains of domesticated animals.</p><br>
<p>Betal Rock Shelter has been declared a "monument of local importance" of Slovenia and was induced in the national register of Immovable Cultural Heritage under the number 859 on December 22, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Aloha Horizons Camp is a summer camp for boys and girls on Lake Fairlee in West Fairlee, Vermont. Opened in 1921 as Camp Wyoda, its property was acquired by the Aloha Foundation in 1997, and is now operated by that organization as a day camp for local children and vacationers staying in the area. Camp is divided into three two-week sessions; activities include water sports, land sports, and arts and crafts. The camp property, organized around a former farmstead, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 for its well-kept collection of surviving early camp architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>Aloha Horizons Camp is located on the northern shore of Lake Fairlee, near the mouth of Middle Brook. The camps 98 acre are divided by both Vermont Route 244 which parallels the lakeshore, and Middlebrook Road, which follows the stream uphill. Most of the camp buildings are located west of Middlebrook Road and north of VT 244, with athletic facilities east of Middlebrook and the waterfront area south of VT 244. Its main buildings, including the Main Building, Infirmary, Arts & Crafts Building, and Nature Building, date from the camps first two decades, and are built in the Adirondack Rustic style. The waterfront includes a boathouse and a bleachers for watching events.</p><br>
<p>Camp Wyoda was founded in 1916 by Harvey and Margaret McLean Newcomer, and was first located in leased facilities on Passumpsic Point, east of the present location. In 1921, the Newcomers purchased the 19th-century Thompson farmstead, as the camp had outgrown the first facilities. Traces of the Thompson farm buildings exist in the Main Building and Arts & Crafts Building, both of which were extensively rebuilt in 1947. Camp Wyoda was operated by three generations of the Newcomer family, the last of which sold the camp to the Aloha Foundation in 1997. That organization, which runs three other camps in the area, including Aloha Hive Camp east of this camp, now operates it as a day camp for small children, and an outing-based camp for older children.</p><br>
<p>The Plymouth Historic District encompasses the village environment and surrounding landscape of Plymouth Notch, Vermont, the birthplace and historic homestead of United States President Calvin Coolidge. It includes more than 2,000 acre, including the entire bowl-shaped valley where the village is located. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The village itself, now a Vermont state park, was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Plymouth Notch village is located in a small bowl in the Green Mountains of central Vermont, just east of the junction of Vermont Routes 100 and 100A. The bowl is bounded on the north by Wood Peak, the east by East Mountain, the south by Blueberry Hill and Soltudus Mountain, and the west by Mount Tom. It is traversed primarily by the waters of Pinney Hollow Brook, which rises from the hills surrounding the village and is a tributary of the Ottauquechee River. The eponymous notch is just west of the village, separating it from the valley carrying the Black River. The hills surrounding the lowlands of the bowl are all wooded, while the bottomlands are now a combination of open fields and woods. The village of Plymouth Notch is located at a bend in Vermont Route 100A, which passes to its south and east, roughly paralleling Pinney Hollow Brook.</p><br>
<p>The village of Plymouth Notch was settled by members of the Coolidge family early in its history, and is where Calvin Coolidge was born in 1872. It retained its rural 19th-century character well into the 20th century, and in the 1960s efforts were made to preserve this environment, resulting in the creation of a state park dedicated to Coolidge and the village environment. The park includes Coolidge&#39;s birthplace, adult home, and the church where he worshipped.</p><br>
<p>The Austin United States Courthouse is a historic former federal courthouse in downtown Austin, Texas. Built between 1935 and 1936, the building exemplifies Depression-era Moderne architecture, while Art Moderne and Art Deco finishes characterize the interior. It housed Austin&#39;s United States district court and other judicial offices until 2012, when a new federal courthouse building was completed. The structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Austin&#39;s previous USA courthouse was built between 1877 and 1881, but by the 1920s the federal district court had come to need additional space. After considering expanding the existing structure, authorities instead selected a new site for a larger building. In June 1934 congress passed a measure appropriating $415,000 for the construction of the new USA courthouse in Austin, with some funding coming from the Public Works Administration. The groundbreaking ceremony was held on September 16, 1935, and the building was dedicated and opened to the public by mayor Tom Miller on September 22, 1936.</p><br>
<p>In addition to its main tenant (the Austin division of the District Court for the Western District of Texas), the Austin USA courthouse of 1936 has held the offices of the Collector of Internal Revenue, the Referee in Bankruptcy (later the USA Bankruptcy Court), the USA Weather Bureau, the USA Probation and Pretrial Services Office, and other judicial functions related to the USA Department of Justice such as the USA Marshal&#39;s Office. It has also housed USA representatives and senators, including Lyndon B. Johnson.</p><br>
<p>By the 2000s the tenants of the courthouse were once again running out of space, and funds from the federal American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 were used to construct another even larger federal courthouse building for Austin. The new courthouse was completed and opened to the public in December 2012, at which point all federal courts and offices in the old building were closed. At the time it was not clear what the fate of the building would be.</p><br>
<h3>Post-closure</h3><br>
<p>In 2013 the Austin Bar Foundation asked the GSA to lease the old courthouse to hold several local legal programs, but the GSA declined, saying that it intended to "use the courthouse for judiciary-related services that were not able to fit into the new courthouse," most likely the USA Bankruptcy Court and the local members of the New Orleans-based 5th USA Circuit Court of Appeals, which had been operating in a separate office building. However, no new federal courts ever occupied the facility.</p><br>
<p>Instead, in November 2015 the GSA announced that it had begun to consider the old courthouse for disposal proceedings as an excess asset. The facility and the land it occupies were designated as surplus property in May 2016, after which Travis County began talks with the GSA about using the building for additional county court space, in part because of the recent failure of a bond measure to raise funds for the construction of a new county courthouse. The City of Austin had considered pursuing the site as well, but it ultimately decided to support the county&#39;s bid for the courthouse; other nongovernmental organizations also applied to the GSA for the use of the building, including some hoping to use the facility for services to assist the homeless.</p><br>
<p>At a press conference on December 29, 2016, officials from Travis County and the federal judiciary and local USA Representative Lloyd Doggett announced that ownership of the courthouse had been transferred to Travis County. The county budgeted $28 million to bring the structure up to current building codes and adapt it for use as the new county probate court by 2020.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Austin USA Courthouse is a four-story steel-and-concrete building clad with cream-colored limestone. Its design exemplifies the PWA Moderne architectural style of many Great Depression-era public buildings, with its symmetrical rectangular form, recessed vertical window bays, and smooth stonework exterior decorated with neoclassical flourishes, stylized eagles and geometric detailing. The building was designed by local architect Charles Henry Page (well known for his work on other Texas courthouses of the period) together with New York architect Kenneth Franzheim. The design work was overseen by Louis A. Simon, the Supervising Architect for the USA Treasury Department. The construction contractor was Algernon Blair of Montgomery, Alabama. The W. E. Simpson Company of San Antonio served as the structural engineer, and R. F. Taylor of Houston was the mechanical engineer.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The main entry is in the south facade, where gray granite steps lead to four bronze doors beneath a central massing that projects from the front and top of the building. A large carved eagle with a shield near the peak recreates the Great Seal of the United States, below which is inscribed "UNITED STATES COURT HOUSE" flanked by raised five-pointed stars. A fluted horizontal band separates the windows of the first and second floors, while the higher windows are joined in recessed vertical window bays with decorative cast-iron spandrels between. Pilasters run vertically between window bays from the second floor to the fourth. An incised horizontal band wraps the building near the roofline, and the structure&#39;s square corners gradually chamfer as they approach the roof.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The building&#39;s interior exhibits Art Moderne and Art Deco finishes and detailing. The lobbies and corridors have marble and plaster walls, geometrically patterned terrazzo floors, and plaster ceilings with white bronze molding. The ceremonial courtroom is a double-height chamber with wall paneling of light bookmatched wood set in darker wood squares and a coffered plaster ceiling. Light fixtures range from white-bronze-and-glass chandeliers to wall sconces with Art Deco detailing.</p><br>
<p>Brendonwood Historic District, also known as Brendonwood Common, is a national historic district located at Indianapolis, Indiana. It encompasses 85 contributing buildings, 2 contributing sites, and 1 contributing object in a planned suburban residential section of Indianapolis. 350 acres on the eastern edge of Millersville with Fall Creek as the western boundary was the vision of Charles S. Lewis for a self-regulated residential zone of 110 plots. The district developed between about 1917 and 1954, and includes representative examples of Tudor Revival, Colonial Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Notable contributing resources include the Common House , golf course, Two Knolls , Farlook , Springhead , Dearwald , Wancroft , Larkwing , Grasmere , Wetermain , Whispering Trees , Glen Gate , Witching View , Long Ridge  and Great Maple .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Old Main is a historic academic building on the lower historic campus of Minnesota State University, Mankato in Mankato, Minnesota. Its main section, built in 1924, is dominated by a prominent Jacobethan tower, and is connected to an older 1908 building, now known as the Annex. It was built to replace the original old main  also located in lower Mankato that was burned to the ground by a fire in 1922. These structures are the oldest surviving buildings on the original valley campus, which was the first site of the state&#39;s second normal school. The state legislature provided funding in 1923 for the development of the site. The 1924 building was designed by Clarence H. Johnston, then the state architect. It currently serves as a nursing home and clinical rotation site for nursing assistant programs in the area.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Situated in the north-east of the Republic of Macedonia Cocev Kamen  is a hilltop cave site of volcanic origin near the town of Kratovo. Objects  discovered near the cave suggest human presence since the Paleolithic. Authors agree that the site served as a gathering point for sacrificial rituals from the Neolithic, the Bronze age, throughout antiquity until the Middle Ages as clarified by an abundance of pottery shards, stone  tools and bone fragments unearthed from the surrounding areas. Several caves and rock shelters are decorated with red figurative art work. Comparison with similar sites in Bulgaria and Italy suggest that the paintings are indeed prehistoric.</p><br>
<p>Debated remains the notion that Cocev Kamen has also been used as an (astronomical) observatory. "There are visible interventions on the stone surface everywhere, in the form of stairs, pools, thrones, and one big cave was completely rearranged, with a large part of its wall ripped off to make a fenced platform looking at the nearby hill, which contains big natural stones..." These alterations served ceremonial purposes during offerings to fertility deities.</p><br>
<p>The Vergennes Residential Historic District encompasses a neighborhood south of downtown Vergennes, Vermont that encapsulates an architectural cross-section of the citys 19th and early 20th-century residential history. Set on Water, Maple, and Green Streets, it includes houses built and occupied by a diversity of the citys economic classes, from mill owners to laborers. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The city of Vergennes was first settled in the 1760s, but only began significant growth in the 1780s, when it became one of Vermonts early industrial centers. The city is located at a bend in Otter Creek where there is a 37 ft falls that could be harnessed for water power, and it also benefited by its location as the crossing point of two major stagecoach routes. It was incorporated as a city in 1788. Sawmills, gristmills, and later other types of industry were all powered by the waters of the creek, and the city experienced growth through the 19th century. The area south of the Main Street business district developed during this period as a residential neighborhood, housing an economic and stylistic diversity of buildings. There are a significant number of Greek Revival and Italianate houses, mainly vernacular in style, and many with later Victorian embellishments. The district is also home to two churches, the Congregational Church and St. Peters Catholic Church, the latter a particularly prominent High Gothic brick building.</p><br>
<p>The district extends to the south along three roads perpendicular to Main Street: Water Street, Maple Street, and Green Street. It extends along Water Street nearly to Roberts Street, along Maple to a point about halfway between King and Victory Streets, and along Green to King Street. It includes buildings on the cross streets between these streets, and excludes buildings facing Main Street.</p><br>
<p>Indianapolis Veterans Administration Hospital, also known as Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, is a historic hospital complex and national historic district located at Indianapolis, Indiana. The district resources were developed between 1930 and 1951 by the Veterans Administration, and encompasses 15 contributing buildings, 2 contributing sites, 2 contributing structures and 5 contributing objects on the hospital campus. The main complex is connected by an enclosed corridor and consists of the main hospital building , kitchen/mess hall/boiler house/attendants&#39; quarters, general medical building , and recreation building . The buildings reflect the Colonial Revival and Classical Revival styles of architecture.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Chandler Music Hall is a historic performance venue at 71 Main Street in downtown Randolph, Vermont. Built in 1907 as a combination music hall and parish house , it boasts one of the best-preserved period theatrical interiors in northern New England. The building is now owned by the town, and continues to be used for entertainment events. The portion of the building that housed the parish house is now an art gallery. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Chandler Music Hall and Bethany Parish House in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Chandler Music Hall is located in downtown Randolph, on the east side of Main Street just northeast of its junction with School Street. The Bethany United Church of Christ stands directly across the street. It is a large two-story masonry structure, built out of rusticated cast concrete blocks and covered by a truncated hip roof. Its styling is basically Romanesque, with arched entrances (two to the theater, one to the former parish house) and a combination of round-arch and rectangular windows. The theater entrances are set in a hip-roofed projecting that fronts a gable-roofed projection on the northern side of the main facade.</p><br>
<p>The theater interior has an vestibule with paneled ticket booth, and stairs on either side leading to the balcony. The auditorium has a wooden floor sloping down to the stage, and the balcony is supported by columns with Doric capitals, with theater boxes on either side near the stage. The stage area has a multicolored proscenium arch, and the space has a pressed metal ceiling.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The impetus for construction of the music hall came from the merger of two churches in 1905. The Christian Church and Congregational Church stood across the street from one another, and shared a minister and similar theology. After they agreed to merge, Col. Albert B. Chandler offered to fund the construction of a music hall on the site of the Christian Church, with the combined church (now Bethany) funding the construction of the attached parish house. The music hall was a popular local event venue until the end of World War II, when it began a gradual decline. The theater was turned over to the town in 1947, which has continued to operated it since. In the 1970s, the parish and the town exchanged the parish house section for a house next to the church, which now serves as its parish house. The parish house portion of the hall now serves as an art gallery.</p><br>
<p>The Pollard Block is a historic commercial building at 7 Depot Street in Cavendish, Vermont. Built in 1895, it is a fine local example of commercial Italianate architecture, and was home to the village general store for 70 years. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Pollard Block stands at the center of the village of Proctorsville in western Cavendish, at the junction of Depot Street and Main Street (Vermont Route 131). It is a three story wood frame structure, with a flat roof, clapboarded exterior, and stone foundation. The main block has extensive Italianate styling, including a bracketed cornice, paneled corner pilasters, and course of dentil moulding above the second and third floors. The first-floor storefront is in its original configuration, with recessed entrance flanked by display windows, and sheltered by an awning with wrought iron brackets. A 1990s two-story ell extends to the south, set back from the main block, and a four-story mansarded tower rises at the northeast corner.</p><br>
<p>The block was built in 1895 to house the general store of Don Pollard, replacing an earlier Federal period brick structure that had previously housed the store. The interior of the first floor retains many of its original features and fixtures, and continues to see retail use. The upper floors have been adapted for residential use, and only the floors and some window trim have survived. Pollard&#39;s store was the largest in the village until its closure in 1964.</p><br>
<p>The Wyndham is a historic apartment building located at Indianapolis, Indiana. It was built in 1929, and is a seven-story, four bay wide, Tudor Revival style multicolor brick building. It features a recessed central entrance with pointed limestone arch, intricately detailed oriel window at the second and third floors, and a parapet with four blind trefoil arches.</p><br>
<p>By the time the current owner, Pearl Companies, bought the building for $1.4 million in 2015, the building had deteriorated to the point that it was almost vacant. Pearl spent $5.7 million for renovations. Originally the building contained 48 apartments, which Pearl reduced to 37 to increase the floor space for each unit. The doorways for the former units, as well as other interior details, were retained.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Big Almaty Lake  is natural alpine reservoir located in the Trans-Ili Alatau mountains at the height of 2511 meters above sea level, 15 km south from the center of Almaty in Kazakhstan.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The basin of the lake has tectonic origin with complex shape and general slope to the north. The lake is 1.6 km in length and from 0.75 to 1 km in width. The coastline is 3 km, the depth is 30–40 m, the volume of water mass is about 14 million m³. The maximum water level is in August, the minimum is in February. Level fluctuations reach 20 m. Lakeside is abrupt and steep.</p><br>
<p>From the south, the lake flows into the river Big Almaty. It is part of the Ile-Alatau National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Like the vast majority of lakes in the Tien Shan mountains, the lake appeared as a result from number of earthquakes. Above the lake rise the three main peaks that can be seen from the northern end of the dam: the peak of Councils (4317 m) - on south-east, the peak Ozerny (4110 m) - on the south and the peak Tourist (3954 m) - on the south-west of the lake.</p><br>
<p>On the north-west of the "Tourist" there is a peak of the crest of the Big Almaty peak in the form of pyramid with height 3681 m. Depending on the time of year, the lake changes its color from light-green to turquoise-blue.</p><br>
<p>The Tien-Shan Astronomical Observatory is located near Big Almaty Lake.</p><br>
<p>The Elwin Chase House is a historic house at 366 Topsham-Corinth Road in Topsham, Vermont. Built about 1830, it is a well-preserved example of Greek Revival architecture in a rural context. It is most prominent as one of the only known sites in Vermont of the artwork drawn by Rufus Porter, who worked as an itinerant muralist around the time of the house&#39;s construction. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Elwin Chase House stands a short way south of the village of East Topsham, on the east side of the Topsham-Corinth Road. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a front-facing gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. The main facade, facing toward the street, is three bays wide, with the entrance in the leftmost bay. It is flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters, and is topped by a transom window and entablature. A Federal style fan adorns the gable above, and a narrow strip of bargeboard is set in the eaves. The sides have four window bays, and an ell and barn extend to the rear. The interior has relatively plain woodwork, the newel post of the main stair being a Victorian-era replacement of the original. The stairwell is adorned with a series of murals on virtually all of its surfaces. These are stylistically attributed to the itinerant muralist Rufus Porter, and include what appears to be a fragmentary signature.</p><br>
<p>The houses exact construction date is unknown, but is placed around 1830 based on architectural stylistic evidence. The murals, which were at the time of the propertys listing on the National Register the only known example of Porter&#39;s work in the state, are dated to the early 1830s, based on the presence of the frigate USS Potomac, which had in that period made news for its circumnavigation of the globe.</p><br>
<p>The Progressive Market is a historic commercial building at 63 South Main Street in White River Junction, Vermont. Built in 1922, it is an example of an increasingly rare type of building in Vermont, the neighborhood market. The store was operated for many years by Italian immigrants and Italian Americans, serving a local community in the area south of downtown White River Junction. The building, largely vernacular in form, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. it appears to no longer house a retail establishment.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Progressive Market building is located just south of the main business district of White River Junction, on the west side of South Main Street. It is a multipart structure, consisting of a two-story front section built out of rusticated concrete blocks, a single story ell of similar construction, and at its rear an attached wood-frame structure that is older than the front sections. The front facade is set close to the sidewalk, and has a single storefront on the first floor, with a recessed entrance flanked by display windows. On the second floor there are three sash windows.</p><br>
<p>The first use of this property as a retail establishment was in 1922, when Giachino Romano purchased the property with a house standing on it. Either he or Raffaele and Virginia Guarino built the storefront, and it is the latter that operated a meat and grocery store on these premises until 1946, serving the predominantly Italian community stretched along South Main Street. The Falzarano family then operated the store at least into the 1990s. The proprietors generally lived above and behind the store.</p><br>
<p>The Vergennes Historic District encompasses the historic commercial and industrial heart of the city of Vergennes, Vermont. Incorporated in 1788, the city developed as a major industrial center, and served as a military center during the War of 1812. The district includes mainly 19th and early-20th century commercial, retail, residential and civic properties, as well as the former site of the Monkton Iron Works, once one of the nation&#39;s largest iron foundries. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The city of Vergennes was first settled in the 1760s, but only began significant growth in the 1780s, when it became one of Vermonts early industrial centers. The city is located at a bend in Otter Creek where there is a 37 ft falls that could be harnessed for water power, and it also benefited by its location as the crossing point of two major stagecoach routes. It was incorporated as a city in 1788. Sawmills, gristmills, and later other types of industry were all powered by the waters of the creek, and the city experienced growth through the 19th century. One of the major businesses, founded in 1807, was the Monkton Iron Works, which became one of the nations largest early 19th-century iron foundries. It became a critical factor in the War of 1812, when Vergennes, with ready access to Lake Champlain via Otter Creek, served as a military base. The ironworks and the Macdonough Shipyard both played key roles in the eventual United States victory at the 1814 Battle of Plattsburgh.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends primarily along Main Street (now Vermont Route 22A) between Mechanic Street and Monkton Road. It extends northward along both sides of Otter Creek, in order to include the now largely archaeological remnants of the iron works and shipyard. The blocks of Main Street just east of the creek are primarily commercial and civic in character, with 19th and early 20th-century commercial buildings, while it becomes more residential further east. Civic buildings include Vergennes City Hall and the public library.</p><br>
<p>Bechan Cave is a single-room sandstone rock shelter located at an elevation of 1,280 m along Bowns Canyon Creek, a tributary of the Glen Canyon segment of the Colorado River, in Kane County in southeastern Utah in the United States. The cave is roughly 31 m wide, 9 m high and 52 m deep. It has a single entrance that faces southwest and is well-lit during the daytime.</p><br>
<p>The cave holds alluvial deposits containing the remains of Pleistocene megafauna, including mammoths, ground sloths, and even-toed ungulates. Archaeological excavation of the site in 1983 and 1984 by paleontologists Larry Agenboard and Jim Mead unearthed animal bones, dung, hair, and teeth dating from 11,555 BCE to 9720 BCE, underneath "a few feet" of cave fill, consisting of ceiling spall and wind-blown sand, containing evidence of Holocene habitation from the Archaic period to the Basketmaker culture and possibly even by Navajo or Paiute. Among the items unearthed were large dung boluses, similar in size to the dung of the African elephant, containing the stems of graminoids and sedge (Carex). The cave is also one of at least seventeen sites on the Colorado Plateau where Archaic-era Southwestern sandals have been discovered.</p><br>
<p>The caves name derives from a Navajo word meaning "big dung" or "big feces". The well-preserved dung layer was deposited over approximately 1,000 years by multiple animal species during a period characterized by the proliferation of oak and the decline of blue spruce and water birch. The organic deposit consists primarily of Columbian mammoth (M. columbi) dung but also includes dung belonging to shrub-oxen (E. collinum), Shasta ground sloths (N. shastensis), Harringtons mountain goats (O. harringtoni), bighorn sheep (O. canadensis), cottontail rabbits, pack rats, and possibly equines. With a thickness ranging between 4 and(-), an area of more than 300 m&sup2, and a volume of 225 m&sup3, it is the largest coprolite deposit in North America. Other macrofossils discovered in Bechan Cave include teeth and a bone, a "metapodial condyle", belonging to E. collinum.</p><br>
<p>The cave is located inside Glen Canyon National Recreation Area and, though it is rarely visited, is accessible on foot from Bowns Canyon. The 5 mi round-trip hike between Bowns Canyon, which can be reached from Lake Powell by boat, and Bechan Cave is considered moderately difficult.</p><br>
<p>The Four Doors  site, also known as mount Bermeja, is a complex of caves in the south of the municipality of Telde, Grand Canary.</p><br>
<p>The Cuatro Puertas site is named after its most spectacular cave, most emblematic of Grand Canary island due to its singularity and location. The site includes many other caves, some linked with each other. A small village nearby also bears that name, as well as a ravine (barranco de Cuatro Puertas).</p><br>
<p>The site is listed as Spanish Heritage as a Property of cultural interest.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Cuatro Puertas and mount Bermeja are 6 km away from the east coast of Grand Canary island, on the east side of the GC-100 road that links Telde (5 km north) to Ingenio (8 km south).</p><br>
<p>The Cuatro Puertas hamlet, standing near the top of mount Bermeja, is of easy access: the GC-1 highway and the Grand Canary airport are only 6 km east. The caves&#39; site itself is to the east of the village, after about 500 m (~1,500 ft) of an easy footpath.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Beside its most spectacular cave that gave its name to the whole complex, the site includes several groups of caves, an uncommon ceremonial place, granaries, paths and alleys. The whole was dug in tuff with stone picks by the pre-Hispanic Canarians.</p><br>
<p>Other caves include the cueva de los Papeles ("the Papers cave"), cueva de los Pilares ("the Pillars cave"), cueva de la Audiencia ("the Audience cave") and the cantera de Molinos (quarry for grindstones). Most caves consist of a main central space with smaller rooms opening onto it. The caves were most likely shut off with dry stone walls. The main room may have been partitioned with light structures (for example of animal skins) or with stone alignments.</p><br>
<p>The site covers practically the whole of Bermeja mount, although only the upper part can be visited.</p><br>
<p>The chronicles of the conquest hardly mention it, even though it is only 4 km away from the Conquest tower that stands in Gando&#39;s sandy bay (nowadays this tower is used as the museum of Military Aviation).</p><br>
<h3>Four Doors cave (Cuatro Puertas)</h3><br>
<p>The Four Doors cave, or Cuatro Puertas cave, in the northern part of mount Bermeja and near the summit, is a 17 X 7 metres man-made cave opening towards the north-east, dug in tuff and provided with four large doors, all opening onto the same large space. These doors may have been shut some coverings, made of skins or other materials.</p><br>
<p>Outside, just beyond the porch thus formed, are a series of about 20</p><br>
<p>Numerous deliberate changes / arrangements were made to the tuff walls and floors of the Four Doors cave with the aim of achieving a correct orientation to observe the summer solstice.</p><br>
<h4>Use</h4><br>
<p>The caves use is not clear. But because of the type and position of the location, the caves monumental aspect, the closeness of the almogarén, and the descriptions of other similar sites in the ethnohistoric chronicles of the conquest, most archaeologists believe that it may have been a sacred place where the worship and rituals were carried out directly by the faycán and the harimaguadas (virgin priestesses under the authority of the faycán, daughters of the nobles).</p><br>
<h3>Ritual place (almogarén)</h3><br>
<p>In the upper part of the mountain, above and not far east from the Four Doors cave, is another cave with a sacred site or ritual space (cazoleta or almogarén) where libations and offerings to the gods (such as Alcorac, the Sun) were practised in an enclosed space. Milk was also used in the course of these ceremonies. This is similar to the one found at.</p><br>
<h3>Papers' cave (Cueva de los Papeles)</h3><br>
<p>The cueva de los Papeles ("Papers&#39; cave") is in the south part of the mount. It is reached by a path cut in the tuff in the south face of the mount, going east from the ritual place.</p><br>
<p>Its floor plan is more or less circular. its walls bear various engraved triangles, a sign associated with fertility; this cave was probably used for rituals around that theme.</p><br>
<h3>Pillars cave (Cueva de los Pilares)</h3><br>
<p>The same path coming from the ritual place to the Papers&#39; cave leads further to the Pillars cave (Cueva de los Pilares), which is accessed through ramps, stairs and small tunnels.</p><br>
<p>The Pillars&#39; cave (cueva de los Pilares) site is the heart and main part of the troglodyte village of mount Bermeja. It is south-orientated, sheltered from the dominant winds and commands a noticeably wide panorama that includes the coast. It may have been surrounded with a thick dry stone wall. Most of the caves are more or less circular inside, many with lateral rooms. There are depressions in the ground for cooking fires, cavities in the walls that would have been used as storage places, seats, holes for beams or posts and grooves for window frames and door frames that would have been shut off with pelts or vegetal cloths.</p><br>
<p>It included granaries and other recesses, the use of which is uncertain.</p><br>
<p>From it, a path going east passes through a rock arch and by a narrow "chimney" towards the Audience cave and, further up on the eastern slope, at an interesting grindstone quarry - but of difficult access as the path, neglected, has disappeared under opuntia.</p><br>
<h3>The Audience cave</h3><br>
<p>The cave of the Audience (cueva de la Audiencia) has been used for various functions such as sleeping quarters, kitchens, silos, granary and others. It stands about 200 m away from the Four Doors cave, near a narrow and hard-to-locate "chimney".</p><br>
<h3>The Mills' Quarry (cantera de Molinos)</h3><br>
<p>These mills, made of stone, were essential to and even emblematic of house life in the Canaries. Every day the gofio was served - some roasted flour stirred into coffee - and barley was much used for this purpose; other flours were also much used, especially on Grand Canary island where agriculture dominated the means of subsistence, contrary to the other islands of the archipelago where livestock farming bore the largest part in food production.</p><br>
<p>The two types of stone used for them were either tuff, or vacuolated or vesicular basalt (basalt with many small holes in it, due to gas bubbles trapped in the cooling lava): both provide a rough surface, appropriate for abrasions and grinding; but tuff was 3 times more used than vesicular basalt, the latter for which there is no clear evidence of production centres on the isl.</p><br>
<p>It is interesting to note that the use of tuff rather than basalt, had a notable wear-effect on the islanders&#39; dentitions.</p><br>
<p>Tuff is made of consolidation (aggregated and compacted) volcanic ash; it is technically an igneous rock but is more akin to a sedimentary rock because of its relatively loose inner structure; it has not been fired and its matter components have not melted together. Basalt on the other hand is an igneous rock made of cooled lava; its matter has been fired and thus has a much higher structural integrity than tuff. This is true also of vesicular or vacuolated basalt that present many small holes within their matter. Therefore tuff parts, more easily than basalt does, with minute pieces of its own material; these ended up in the flour, and wore out teeth noticeably more than a purer flour would.</p><br>
<p>The grindstones were excavated so that the block of stone was in one piece and more or less already shaped underneath on the outside. Thus each of them left a round or oval hollow, or imprint, on the surface of rock it came from. These "negative imprints" are found all over the surface of the stone quarried, following the relief and remodelling it. Thus their disposition varies with said relief. These traces of extraction are the means by which grindstones quarries are identified.</p><br>
<p>On Grand Canary island, seven production sites were identified, in the municipalities of Agaete at La Calera site (La Suerte) and El Risco site (near Cuermeja); in Las Palmas at Los Canarios (El Confital) and Montaña Quemada sites, both on the Isleta, and at La Cardonera site (Riquianez); in Telde at Cuatro Puertas site; and in Santa Lucia de Tirajana at El Queso site (towards Aldea Blanca and Vecindario).</p><br>
<p>There are two main production sites for hand grindstones in Cuatro Puertas: one dating back to prehistoric times and, immediately next to it on the east side, a more recent historic site. Both are located in the lower portion of the northern slope of mount Bermeja, on the path that leads from the village to the cave, further than the Cuatro Puertas cave. Its altitude extends from 197 m to 210 m. It is close to a military zone (escuadrilla logística de Cuatro Puertas).</p><br>
<p>The site is among a zone of dark-coloured pyroclasts of varying sizes, dating from the Pleistocene era, made of basanite and nephelinite. It is on a steep slope (sloping angle &gt; 45° in some places). The extraction has created a south-orientated shelf with an irregular face, about 20 m wide and 10 to 14 m high. There is one main extraction place, and several other smaller ones scattered nearby on the same slope of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>This site is in good state of conservation. Its south orientation has preserved it from humidity and from being colonized by lichens (contrary to other sites such as that of Riquianez for example).</p><br>
<h2>Conservation issues</h2><br>
<p>The site has suffered a notable deterioration due to the natural erosion from wind and water, but also to human actions since up to recently the majority of the caves were used and modified to stable goats and sheep.</p><br>
<p>In the sixties of the 20th century this archaeological space was used as cinematographic stage for the filming of the film Tirma, led by Silvana Pampanini. For the filming of one of the scenes a large tuff maquette was realized of the Four Doors cave, generating great deteriorations to the original archaeological space.</p><br>
<p>The Four Doors cave site is listed in Spanish Heritage as a Site of cultural interest in the category "Archaeological site" since May 25, 1972, by decree nr. 1435/1972. The decree was published in the B.O.E. (Boletín Oficial de España, Spain official journal) nr. 136 on June 7, 1972.</p><br>
<p>As of 1999, most of the site&#39;s land was private property. At that time the government was negotiating to buy it and that of other nearby sites.</p><br>
<p>It is currently opened to the public as Archaeological Park.</p><br>
<h2>Other archaeological parks nearby</h2><br>
<p>Other nearby archaeological parks open to the public are the caves of Valeron (cenobio de Valeron) in Santa Maria de Guia, the Arteara necropolis in Fataga, the El Maipés necropolis in Agaete, the Cats&#39; ravine (cañada de los Gatos) on Mogán beach near Puerto de Mogan, (roque Bentayga) in Tejeda, and the Painted cave (cueva Pintada) museum and archaeological park in Galdar.</p><br>
<h2>Similar structures</h2><br>
<p>Other similar structures on the island are :</p><br>
<p>King&#39;s caves (cuevas del Rey) and (Roque Bentayga) in Tejeda</p><br>
<p>Caves of the Granary (cuevas del Pósito) in Temisas, Agüimes</p><br>
<p>the Numerous caves (cuevas Muchas) in the Guayadeque ravine (barranco de Guayadeque), Ingenio</p><br>
<p>Caves of the Dove (cuevas del Palomar) in Tabuco, Ingenio</p><br>
<p>(cuevas del Draguillo) in El Gamonal, between Telde and Ingenio</p><br>
<p>El Álamo in Acusa, Artenara</p><br>
<p>Birbique in Roque Bermejo, Agaete</p><br>
<p>the caves of Valeron near Galdar</p><br>
<p>the Guayadeque ravine (barranco de Guayadeque) in Aguimes</p><br>
<p>The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad: Stuart Passenger Station is a historic building located in Stuart, Iowa, United States. The town of Stuart was laid out by Charles A. Stuart, for whom it is named, in concert with the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad. The railroad reached this point in 1868 and the depot was completed the following year. It is a single story, side gable, frame structure covered with brick veneer. The segmentally-arched widows are capped with brick hoods and limestone keystones. It contains four rooms that housed a baggage room, men&#39;s waiting room, ticket office, and the ladies waiting room. This was one of several buildings constructed in Stuart by the Rock Island Line, which placed a divisional headquarters here from the beginning. Other facilities included a roundhouse  and brick shops  that replaced wood frame structures. In 1897 the railroad moved its facilities to Valley Junction, now West Des Moines. The depot, which was abandoned by the railroad in 1977, is the only structure that remains in Stuart from its heyday as a railroad town. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Catalpa, also known as Wallace Farm, is a historic farm located southeast of Greenfield, Iowa, United States. It is associated with Henry Cantwell Wallace, who owned and operated the influential agricultural publication Wallaces Farmer, and served as USA Secretary of Agriculture . It is also associated with his son Henry Agard Wallace, who followed his father at the newspaper and served as USA Secretary of Agriculture , Vice President of the United States  and USA Secretary of Commerce . He was the Progressive Party candidate for president in 1948. This was one of several farms owned by the Rev. Henry Wallace, Henry Cantwells father. It was acquried by the family in 1877, and it was operated by a tenant farmer until Henry Cantwell took it over. His son Henry Agard was born here in 1888. After five years Henry Cantwell returned to his studies at Iowa State University in Ames and the family left the farm at that time. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The designation includes the farmhouse and outbuildings, which are modest frame structures with gable roofs, and a 200 acre plot of farmland. The house and barn were built before the Wallace&#39;s moved here in 1887.</p><br>
<p>Adair County Democrat-Adair County Free Press Building is a historic building located in Greenfield, Iowa, United States. Designed by architect John Karl, it was completed in 1903. The two-story brick structure features an asymmetrical facade with four round arched openings, and a corbelled brick cornice. It was built by Edwin J. Sidey and his father John S. Sidey, who founded the Adair County Democrat in 1889, and was later renamed the Adair County Free Press. Journalist Hugh Sidey was another of John S. Sidey&#39;s sons. The building is now a part of the adjacent Hotel Greenfield. It houses the restaurant, lounge, two hotel suites, and the laundry and housekeeping facilities. The building was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>Hotel Greenfield is a boutique hotel located in Greenfield, Iowa, United States. Designed by architect William Gordon, it was completed in 1920 by the Newton Construction Co. Local boosters had the hotel built for $65,000 as a replacement for the Commercial Hotel, which was located on the same spot. The three-story brick structure features a symmetrical facade, round arched windows on the first floor, a projecting classical entrance with columns in the Doric order, and a denticulated brick cornice. The hotel had become dated by the 1970s, and started to decline in significance. ADCO Enterprises bought it in 2010 and renovated it. They added the adjacent Adair County Democrat-Adair County Free Press Building at the same time. It houses the restaurant, lounge, two hotel suites, and the laundry and housekeeping facilities. The building was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Warren Opera House Block and Hetherington Block are historic buildings located in Greenfield, Iowa, United States. They are both 2½-story brick structures. The Opera House block, originally owned by E.E. Warren, is located on the corner and features a corner turret. It housed Warrens dry goods store and a theatre. The adjacent commercial block was originally owned by John J. Heatherington, and is similar in style to the Opera House block. Both buildings feature facades with a tripartite arrangement and center frontispieces that project slightly forward, a broad rock-faced beltcourse that runs above the second floor windows, a narrow metal cornice, and a brick parapet with finials. The Opera Houses parapet has a triangular pediment with "Opera House" on a rectangular base, and the Hetherington Block has a similar feature in a simplified form. The buildings were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Chelsea Village Historic District encompasses the historic village center of Chelsea, Vermont, the shire town of Orange County. Developed in the first half of the 19th century as a regional service and transportation hub, the village exhibits a significant number of Greek Revival buildings, augmented with primarily later civic and commercial buildings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Chelsea grew up along the banks of the First Branch White River in central Orange County. It was settled in 1784 and became the county seat of Orange County in 1795. In the 19th century it developed as a regional service center for the neighboring rural communities, and also fostered modest industry, primarily small textile, grist, and sawmills, now mostly lost. Its greatest period of growth was between 1830 and 1850, with the result that much of its architecture is in the Greek Revival style popular during that period.</p><br>
<p>The village is laid out mainly north-south along what is now Vermont Route 113, but was in the 19th century a stagecoach route. Its central focus is a pair of town commons, separated from each other by Jail Brook and a strips of buildings lining the brook. The north common was established in 1794 as a public parade and militia training ground, while that to the south was given in 1804 as a site for the county courthouse. Arrayed around the common and along Main, Maple, and Jail Brook Streets are a fine collection of late Federal and Greek Revival buildings, mostly residential, although some commercial buildings survive from that period as well. Prominent buildings from this period include the courthouse (1847) and Congregational church (1848), both fine high-style Greek Revival buildings. The town hall and library, both built in the 1890s, are in the later Romanesque Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The Quechee Gorge Bridge is a historic bridge, carrying USA Route 4  across Quechee Gorge, near the Quechee village of Hartford, Vermont. Built in 1911, it is Vermont&#39;s oldest surviving steel arch bridge. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Quechee Gorge Bridge is located on US 4, roughly midway between Woodstock and White River Junction, Vermont. It is set high above the Ottauquechee River near the southern end of Quechee Gorge, a major local tourist attraction that is part of Quechee State Park. It is a three-span steel deck truss structure, 285 ft long, 41 ft wide, and 163 ft high carrying two lanes of traffic (one in each direction) and sidewalks on both sides. Its main span is a parabolic spandrel-braced Pratt truss, forming a span of 188 ft. The arch is mounted on concrete footings, which are located near the stone abutments of the previous bridge. The bridge structure is built out of a series of panels and other steel elements, joined by rivets, and its deck consists of I-beam stringers covered by a concrete base.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1911, its trusses built by the American Bridge Company to a design by John W. Storrs, a prolific local bridge engineer. It was originally built as a railroad bridge, and was in 1933 adapted for use as a highway bridge; it is from that period that its current deck dates. It was probably built by cantilevering the arch ends over the gorge, braced by stay cables until the ends were joined. It is Vermont&#39;s oldest surviving steel arch bridge, and the only one that is spandrel-braced.</p><br>
<p>Springsure Hospital Museum is a heritage-listed former public hospital and now a museum at 13 Woodbine Street, Springsure, Central Highlands Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1868 to 1879. It is also known as Springsure Hospital. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Springsure Hospital was constructed in, as a response to the needs of the local community.</p><br>
<p>In 1844 Ludwig Leichhardt traversed an area to the east of what is now Springsure, naming the Expedition Range, Albinia Downs and Comet Creek as he went. Some two years later Major Thomas Mitchell entered the area and named further features in the classical style (such as Salvator Rosa) while the following year Leichhardt attempted to explore the area again but was forced back by floodwaters.</p><br>
<p>While the Leichhardt Pastoral District was officially opened up to settlement on 10 January 1854, William Landsborough subsequently in 1858 explored the Comet River through to the area that is now Springsure.</p><br>
<p>In 1863 surveyor Charles Frederick Gregory laid out the plan for Springsure, the town reserve taking in an area of 50 square miles centred on the springs of Springsure Creek. As pastoral enterprises proved successful, more and more settlers streamed into the area and by the time the 1864 census was taken the Springsure Police District recorded a total of 720 persons, 619 of them male, with only 34 of the 720 people actually residing in the township of Springsure. By the late 1860s it became apparent that a hospital was needed in the district.</p><br>
<p>The Springsure Hospital was erected as a response to needs of the local community who set up a committee of volunteers to manage the project. The hospital was to be run by governors, each governor to subscribe a minimum of one pound per year towards the running of the hospital. From those subscribers, a committee responsible for the affairs of the hospital was to be elected, the committee to be composed of a president, a secretary and other officers. On 7 October 1868, William Henry Hinton, Louis Meyer and George Pultney Malcolm Murray were appointed trustees. Patients able to pay for their treatment would be required to do so whereas those unable to afford treatment would receive the medical care required regardless.</p><br>
<p>In 1868, the hospital was opened. Its feature characteristics were those of the pavilion plan, a plan first designed and implemented in France in the mid 19th century. The Lariboisiere Hospital had opened in Paris in 1854. Following promotion of the pavilion plan by Florence Nightingale who recognised its advantages for the recovery of soldiers suffering from the effects of the Crimean War, almost all hospitals constructed in Queensland in the 1860-1880 period were built to incorporate the features of the pavilion plan.</p><br>
<p>The principal design characteristics of the pavilion plan were to provide good ventilation and sanitation for the benefit and recovery of patients. The Springsure Hospital was no exception and today is the oldest surviving hospital constructed on the pavilion plan in Queensland and is the first hospital constructed in inland Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The hospital was erected as a small cottage type hospital that incorporated the pavilion plan ward with other facilities including an office, surgery, dispensary and a store within the one main building. At its inception the hospital comprised a brick building with a shingle roof with its main section housing a ward that accommodated six beds. To promote cross ventilation, French doors were located along the northern and southern sides of the main ward, with a verandah encircling three sides of the ward. Each of the beds was positioned between each set of French doors to ensure that the patients were afforded adequate ventilation.</p><br>
<p>Initially a husband and wife team, Thomas and Ellen Cahill were appointed as wardsman and matron and continued in these positions until the mid 1870s.</p><br>
<p>In 1871 the census for the Springsure Police District recorded 1098 people, 370 of whom were residing in the township of Springsure. In that year the doctor treated a total of 48 cases and the government "helped out" with a contribution of £300. Accordingly in the 1870s the hospital was expanded to meet the growing needs of the community with an extra ward added in 1879 to bring the number of beds to seventeen. The Queensland Board of Health requested that the Hospital Board appoint a health officer at its own expense but the Board refused stating that a health officer was unnecessary as Springsure was a healthy and well-drained district.</p><br>
<p>When banks crashed in the 1890s the Hospital Board had its money locked up and as a result was forced to arrange overdraft. Despite this by 1897 the Hospital Board was in a position to employ its first trained nurse, Miss Alice Kemp and in 1900 as a response to a Queensland Government requirement that Boards take positive action Dr Neilson was appointed health officer at a cost of £25. Despite the hospital having been in operation since the late 1860s it was not until 1902 that the deeds to the land were received.</p><br>
<p>The 1884 Health Act made local governments responsible for the treatment of infectious disease, mainly because of the miasma theory of disease transmission, which blamed infectious diseases on noxious vapours arising from poor sanitation and bad drainage - both local government responsibilities. This also gave Councils responsibility for inoculations such as the program organised by the Bauhinia Shire Council in response to the 1919 flu epidemic. Councils were also expected to provide hospital wards for the treatment of infectious diseases. In 1920 the Bauhinia Shire Council provided £200 to the hospital to make improvements to the isolation ward.</p><br>
<p>Expansion continued apace with the erection of separate staff quarters in 1914. Improvements to the district&#39;s health services continued throughout the 1920s with establishment of an ambulance brigade and with Miss Hammond opening Westray as maternity home in 1921. As part of a statewide response by the government to the Maternity Act 1922 and as existing facilities were becoming less than adequate, in 1924 the Queensland Government constructed a maternity ward at the Springsure Hospital. In 1925 a new complex housing wards and a kitchen was constructed adjacent to the 1868 brick building. Although the Queensland Government was providing some health facilities for the Springsure community, in 1923 local authorities were expected to meet some of the shortfall between income and expenditure for their local hospitals through precepts, such as the £100 provided in 1924 by the Bauhinia Shire Council. The Council continued to take responsibility for inoculation campaigns, providing diphtheria inoculations for the community free of charge in 1931. Local government responsibility for hospital finances only ceased after the Hospitals Act of 1945.</p><br>
<p>When the Depression affected the financial status of the hospital to the point where it was likely to close a public meeting was called to make arrangements for a further input of voluntary contributions. Strong hostility towards the possibility that the hospital could come under the control of the state in the late 1930s instigated the Bauhinia Shire Council to pledge a £400 per annum to ensure that the hospital continued to be maintained under the voluntary system.</p><br>
<p>When a new hospital was constructed in 1938, the former hospital building was used for recreation and as a dance hall for the nurses. During the 1970s new staff quarters were erected and in the 1980s, when the original brick building was identified as being surplus to the needs of the Hospital Board, the site was subdivided. A reserve was created comprising the 1868 building and the adjacent 19th century timber annex. The Bauhinia Shire Council was appointed trustee.</p><br>
<h2>Springsure Hospital Museum</h2><br>
<p>Restoration work was undertaken in 1988 and on 19 August 1989, the Honourable Mike Ahern MLA, Premier and Treasurer of Queensland opened the Springsure Hospital Museum. The Museum is furnished to resemble an early rural hospital; it has a collection of medical equipment, photographs and other records.</p><br>
<p>In 2004-2005 the Springsure Hospital Museum was closed to the general public for safety reasons.</p><br>
<p>For Anzac Day in 2016, the museum hosted an exhibition about World War I including the letters written from the war front by the four Fryer brothers (William, Charles, Henry and John) from Springsure. The brothers were the sons of Charles and Rosina Fryer, who served as wardsman and matron at the Springsure Hospital. Charles was killed in 1917. One of the brothers who returned from the war, John (Jack) Fryer, resumed his studies at the University of Queensland but died of tuberculous in 1922. His fellow students donated £10 to the University of Queensland to establish a collection of Australian literature in Fryer&#39;s memory. In 1927, this collection grew into the Fryer Memorial Library, now an extensive archive of published and unpublished material relating to Australian literature, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander studies, and the history, art and architecture of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the museum remains closed, apart from special events. However, people wishing to visit it may obtain a key from the Central Highlands Regional Council office in Eclipse Street.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Springsure Hospital, now the Springsure Hospital Museum, is situated at 13 Woodbine Street, Springsure, located adjacent to the present Springsure Hospital. The building demonstrates the principal characteristics of a Queensland hospital in that it stands on elevated ground away from the town centre. The Victorian Georgian style building is substantially intact and consists of a single storey brick building with an attached timber annex.</p><br>
<p>The main brick building constructed c. 1868 comprises two sections. The western section is the former six-bed ward designed on the pavilion plan. Offices and a storeroom are located within the eastern section and a verandah extends the full lengths of the main elevation, the western elevation and part of the northern elevation. The building is constructed of locally manufactured bricks in English Bond style with stonework forming the foundations beneath floor level. The stonework of the foundations has been used to level the floor of the main building, as there is a fall in slope to the west; the eastern section of the building is at ground level, the western section is on timber stumps.</p><br>
<p>The main room that is the former ward area demonstrates the principles of the pavilion design with its promotion of sanitation and cross-ventilation. The ward is designed to accommodate six beds of single depth against the walls each bed would have had a French door between it and the next bed. There are three French doors, each with a window above on each of the southern and northern elevations, each of the doors opening to the verandah. The building has three fireplaces, a feature that is rare for Central Queensland. Two of the fireplaces are in the ward, the third in the former office.</p><br>
<p>The eastern section of the main building comprises two rooms on the south and two small rooms with an open passage between on the northern side. A modern toilet is located on the northern verandah. Quoins are a feature of the main building on the western side and sash windows feature flat arches and keystones. Gothic style scalloped timber bargeboards decorate the steeply pitched roof of the main building; the roofline over the verandahs is a less steep pitch, the entire roof being of corrugated iron overlying well preserved wooden shingles.</p><br>
<p>The annex is situated immediately to the west of the main building and is of two rooms with a verandah along the eastern elevation with a decorative spandrel along its western edge. The timber-framed building weatherboard clad and roofed with corrugated iron features external framing on the southern and eastern elevation.</p><br>
<p>The grounds in front of the complex are landscaped with native shrub and trees.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Springsure Hospital Museum was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Erected, the former Springsure Hospital is important in demonstrating the development of health facilities in 19th century Queensland. The hospital was erected as a local initiative and managed by a voluntary committee. The building is significant in that it illustrates the rapidity with which the principles of the pavilion plan were adopted in Queensland. The first hospital constructed to the pavilion plan had only opened in Paris in 1854. The plan had only become widely accepted in Britain in the mid 1860s following the efforts of Florence Nightingale and others to promote the advantages that the plan incorporated for the sick.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former Springsure Hospital is significant as a rare surviving example of a hospital complex erected in the 19th century. Of more than 90 public hospitals erected in Queensland in the 19th century, only ten buildings are known to survive. Within this group, the former Springsure Hospital complex is the only example of a small cottage type hospital that combined a small pavilion ward with other facilities in the one main building. Not only is the former Springsure Hospital the first inland hospital constructed in Queensland it is also Queensland&#39;s oldest surviving hospital designed on the pavilion plan. While an extensive number of pavilion plan hospitals were constructed, few have survived development in the 20th and 21st centuries.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>With its verandah encircling three sides of the main ward and with French doors to the northern and southern sides of the building, creating cross ventilation, the former Springsure Hospital is significant as a good example of the pavilion plan design which aimed to promote cross ventilation and sanitation for the benefit and recovery of patients. Not only does the hospital incorporate the latest hospital design of its time it was also adapted to take into account the climatic conditions of inland central Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The former Springsure Hospital, now the Springsure Hospital Museum, is valued by the community for the role it played in the establishment of health services and in the provision of medical training facilities. The site is important to the people of Springsure and surrounding area for its role as the principal site of public health care, the birth, life and death of the people of the area and in providing recreational facilities following its decommissioning as a hospital. Such facilities were valued not only for their functional role in caring for the sick, but also as symbols of progress and as evidence of civilising forces at work.</p><br>
<p>The former Springsure Hospital is valued by the community as one of the earliest surviving buildings in the district.</p><br>
<p>Old Rainworth Stone Store is a heritage-listed storehouse at Wealwandangie Road, Cairdbeign, Central Highlands Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1862 by George Goldring. It is also known as Old Rainworth Fort and Rainworth Head Station Store. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Rainworth store is a single-storeyed, rectangular stone structure built in 1862 for Jesse Gregson as a storehouse on Rainworth Station in the Diamantina district of Queensland. It was built adjacent to Rainworth Creek, close to the boundary of Rainworth and Cairdbeign and is now part of the Old Rainworth Fort Tourist Complex on Wealwandangie Road, about 8 kilometres from Springsure. In 1844 Ludwig Leichhardt explored an area to the east of what is now the township of Springsure, naming the Expedition Range, Albinia Downs and Comet Creek. In 1846 Major Thomas Mitchell travelled through the area and in 1847 Leichhardt attempted to explore the area again, but was forced back by floodwaters.</p><br>
<p>While the Leichhardt Pastoral District was officially opened to settlement on 10 January 1854, it was only after William Landsborough explored the Springsure area in 1858 that pastoralists began to take up runs in the vicinity.</p><br>
<p>Following a reconnaissance into the Leichhardt Pastoral District in late 1860 by Queensland&#39;s Surveyor-General Augustus Charles Gregory and William Kellman, the flat-topped hill south of present day Springsure was named Rainworth Hill. Gregory subsequently took up a number of leases in the district, paying the rent on Wallaroo, Norwood, Emu Plains, Osmondthorpe and Yarra No.2 in March 1861. Gregory did not hold these leases for long, and in September 1862 the rents were paid by lessees Jesse Gregson and Alexander and William Busby, who called the combined runs Rainworth Station.</p><br>
<p>While travelling out to Sydney from England in the mid-1850s, one of Jesse Gregsons fellow passengers was Alexander Busby, who invited Gregson to visit him at Llangollen Station near Cassilis. Failing to find work in Sydney, Gregson took up Busbys offer and soon gained employment at Collaroy, a nearby property, where he learnt stock management and was appointed head overseer by 1858. In May 1860, as Busby&#39;s partner, he overlanded 5,000 sheep to a new station in Queensland, which he named Rainworth, near the future town of Springsure. By June 1861 Jesse Gregson was living on the property as manager and was in partnership with Alex and William Busby as lessees. Gregson described the run in his diaries:I made my head station and called it Rainworth after the hill on the opposite side of the creek. It was a lovely tract of open country. A little creek fed by a stream flowed southerly to join Cona Creek. There was sparse timber, a stunted Downs box in patches all around, which without diminishing the open character of the country added to its beauty. Down the valley were clumps of tea tree scrub here and there. Opposite was the strikingly picturesque hill which Gregory had named Rainworth and which some seven or eight hundred feet above the level of the adjacent country. Behind our camp was another isolate hill called Mt Cassilis, the distance between the two hills being perhaps one and a half miles.Rainworth Head Station was established on the Norwood East run, just north of the boundary with Cairdbeign Station and west/northwest of Rainworth Hill. At that time the Cairdbeign-Wealandangie Road to Springsure passed through the property, and the head station was established near where this road crossed Rainworth Creek. The first head station buildings were constructed of timber. On 17 October 1861, a few months after Gregson had taken up occupancy at Rainworth, the local Kari people attacked the nearby pastoral property of Cullin-la-ringo. In the Cullin-la-ringo attack 19 people, including women and children, were killed. Of the 22 people on Cullin-la-Ringo that day three survived: a station hand and two shepherds. Edward Kenny, one of the surviving shepherds, rode to Jesse Gregson at Rainworth to raise the alarm and to seek help. Within days the former owner of Cullin-la-ringo, PE MacDonald, accompanied by a troop of Native Mounted Police, led reprisal attacks against the Kari people.</p><br>
<p>Construction began on a stone store at Rainworth in 1862, following the Cullin-la-ringo massacre. Its primary function was as a defensible storehouse. The builder was an Englishman, George Goldring, who with his son had arrived at Rainworth in 1862, and was employed initially as a bookkeeper. He left Rainworth in 1868.</p><br>
<p>To construct the store, Goldring burned lime, made bricks and collected basalt boulders. He bound the walls with a mortar mix of sand, lime and a holding element obtained from crushing calcified basalt. It is believed that the roof was clad with galvanised iron, which was amongst the earliest use of this material in the district. The Rainworth Store is the only known stone building erected by Golding in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>By 1867 Gregson had established the necessary plant and buildings at Rainworth. In that year he entered into a new seven year partnership with the Busbys and commenced fencing 20,000 acres of Rainworth land using wire, which he claimed was the first use of wire fencing in the district.</p><br>
<p>Jesse Gregson contributed significantly to the development of the Springsure district. He served as postmaster for the district until January 1864, when a post office was opened at the town of Springsure, surveyed in 1863. He was a member of the Springsure Road Trust, praised in 1864 by the Engineer of Roads in the Northern District, Frederick Byerley, for completing the work on their section of the Rockhampton to Springsure road within cost. At Cairdbeign on 4 January 1865, a meeting of prominent landholders Archibald Buchanan, Robert Patton, William Thomson, Peter McIntosh and Jesse Gregson decided to form a local agricultural society to improve the quality of livestock. Gregson was the inaugural Secretary of the Society.</p><br>
<p>In 1874 Alexander Busby, who was on the board of the Australian Agricultural Company, one of the largest pastoral and mining companies in Australia, recommended Gregson for the position of Company Superintendent. Gregson left Rainworth to take up this position, which he held from 1875 to 1905.</p><br>
<p>After the Gregson family left Rainworth in 1874, the property was offered for sale but there were no buyers and James Nesbit was appointed the manager. From 1862 the partners had held a mortgage with The Commercial Banking Company of Sydney and the lease was transferred to the Bank on 1 June 1877.</p><br>
<p>Government land policy at this period encouraged the resumption of large pastoral leaseholds for closer subdivision, but existing lessees could apply for pre-emptive selection as freehold, to protect improvements such as head station homesteads and shearing sheds. In November 1877 the Rainworth Head Station blocks, on Portions 1 and 1A, parish of Rainworth, county of Denison, were surveyed as pre-emptive selections. At this time improvements on portion 1A, which contained the head station buildings, totalled £2,836/15/- and comprised a ten-roomed house of wood/weatherboard and shingles (W & S), valued at £750; a kitchen building with bath and saddle rooms, valued at £250; a stone store with cellars, granaries, meat rooms and dairy, valued at £1200; a number of slab and iron huts valued at £100; yards and 1 mile of 2 and 3 rail fencing, valued at £130; a water race and garden valued at £250; and 4.75 miles of 6 wire fencing valued at £156/15/-. The property was still operating as a sheep station, with lamb folds established close to the head station buildings.</p><br>
<p>Deeds of grant for portion 1A (containing the head station buildings) and portion 1 were issued to the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney in September 1878 and April 1880 respectively. In May 1888 title was transferred to Francis Hamilton Beadon Turner, who also acquired the lease of the consolidated Rainworth holding. It appears that until 1919 the lessees of Rainworth Station also owned the freehold of the Rainworth Head Station.</p><br>
<p>Title to the head station freehold passed to Dalgety & Company in 1904, then to Francis Bayntun Starky (grazier of Sydney) and Prosper Charles Trebeck (Stock & Station Agent of Sydney) in 1912.</p><br>
<p>Alexander McLaughlin (grazier of Burnside near Springsure) acquired the Rainworth Head Station freehold in 1919, and the property has been owned by his descendants ever since. It appears that from this time the freehold was known as Old Rainworth.</p><br>
<p>In 1940 Alexander McLaughlin divided his holdings amongst his children. Two of his granddaughters inherited Burnside and in 1973 purchased Old Rainworth. The McLaughlin sisters, concerned about the deterioration of the old stone store and wanting to restore and conserve its heritage, established a Committee for the Preservation of Old Rainworth Fort. Stonemason Gino Sandrin was employed in 1981 to restore the building. He used original stones that he shaped, using cement to help hold them in place.</p><br>
<p>In April 1980 the National Trust Journal described the Old Rainworth Stone Store. Constructed of local material, the bluestone walls were held together with a mortar of clay and the external walls with a mix of clay and limestone. It was single-storeyed with a loft and a cellar. The building appeared to have been constructed in two stages, the inner rectangular section first with the surrounding outer walls added later. It was rectangular in plan with a perimeter verandah. Originally the shorter sides of the rectangle were stone, however, weathering had caused these external walls to collapse. Windows and doors were timber framed and suspended floors were of cypress with massive log bearers. A timber framed calico partition created a main room. The stone store measured approximately 17 by 14 metres with the stone walls about 300 to 400 mm in thickness. The roof was corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>In 1987 the Old Cairdbeign homestead, constructed in the 1870s, was demolished and re-erected at Old Rainworth, which was being developed as an historical tourist complex. Springsure timber worker Robert Young re-built the homestead between 18 July and 31 October 1987.</p><br>
<p>Archibald Buchanan was the first owner of Cairdbeign and his was the first homestead built on Rainworth Creek. By 1881 the head station had been moved about 20 kilometres southeast of Rainworth and a new large slab house of seven rooms erected, using some timber from a barn at the former head station on the creek. Some of these slabs with joggles cut for holding benches can still be seen in the old Cairdbeign homestead at the Rainworth historical tourist complex. The former Cairdbeign School also has been relocated to Old Rainworth.</p><br>
<p>Neither Cairdbeign Homestead nor the Cairdbeign School are considered to be of state-level cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>Old Rainworth now functions as a tourist facility and has a special association for tourists and visiting school children.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Old Rainworth Stone Store is located on Burnside approximately 10 kilometres by road from Springsure. It is accessed by travelling south along the Dawson Highway towards Rolleston for approximately 8 kilometres then taking the Wealwandangie Road for a further 2 kilometres.</p><br>
<p>The Old Rainworth Stone Store has undergone partial reconstruction. It is a single-storey structure with a corrugated iron broken hipped roof with a U-shaped verandah encircling the entire western elevation and part of the southern and northern elevations. Constructed of locally quarried basalt, the stones are mortared with a pise of calcified basalt that comes from beneath the black soils of the district The building contains six rooms, a cellar and a loft. The unlined walls vary in thickness from 35 to 45 centimetres.</p><br>
<p>The main room on the western side of the building is accessed through double timber doors made of diagonal boards, and which have original fittings. The main room has a timber floor and windows. The timber frame of an interior partition wall with a connecting doorway remains. From the main room a set of timber stairs lead to the loft. The treads are narrow (13 centimetres) and there are no risers. A recent handrail of debarked bush timber has been installed for safety purposes. The loft has a timber floor.</p><br>
<p>The encircling verandah has stone flooring and a set of timber stairs lead from the western side down to a cellar. The cellar walls and floor are of stone and several vents are set into the walls.</p><br>
<p>The eastern section of the building comprises three rooms. The walls and flooring of each of the end rooms are of stone while the centre room has an earthen floor with an exterior wall of horizontal slab timbers.</p><br>
<p>To the south west of the building are the remains of what appears to have been an arbor; this is constructed of debarked bush timbers. Immediately to the west of this is the site of the former Rainworth Homestead. No surface remains are apparent.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Old Rainworth Stone Store was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Old Rainworth Stone Store illustrates the pattern of early non-indigenous settlement in Queensland, where the development of pastoral properties preceded agriculture and the establishment of towns. Because of the distance of Rainworth Station from a major settlement, lessee Jesse Gregson had the stone building erected in 1862 to store and protect supplies brought twice a year from Rockhampton. Its construction illustrates the need on pastoral properties for the provision of adequate storage facilities in harsh climatic conditions remote from the source of supply.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Rainworth Stone Store is a rare surviving mid-19th century stone building constructed for the purpose of storing provisions for lengthy periods. In addition, comparatively few stores on pastoral properties were constructed in stone in Queensland at this period.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Rainworth Stone Store is a rare surviving mid-19th century stone structure in Queensland, which has the potential, through physical investigation and documentary research, to reveal important information about the design, form and function of stone buildings of this period, way of life on a pastoral property in a remote area, and about the people who erected such buildings.Archaeological deposits associated with the former homestead have the potential to contribute information on the lifeways of an operative pastoral property of the late 19th century and throughout the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Rainworth Stone Store remains substantially intact and is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of a fortified store on a remote and early pastoral property. These characteristics include the use of traditional European building techniques combined with local materials with inherent insulation qualities.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Rainworth Stone Store is an asset valued by the community as one of the earliest surviving buildings in the area and for its connections with the past. Forming part of a tourist attraction, Rainworth Stone Store is recognised as a significant part of the history of the district.</p><br>
<p>Lilyvale Stand Monument is a heritage-listed memorial at Lilyvale Road, Crinum, Central Highlands Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1998. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 April 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lilyvale Stand Monument was constructed in 1998 by a group of dismissed mine workers from the Gordonstone Coal Mine (later renamed by Rio Tinto to Kestral Coal Mine). Following their dismissal, the mine workers commenced a protest line in early October 1997, which was to continue for 22 months, until August 1999, becoming Australia&#39;s longest running black coal dispute.</p><br>
<p>The Gordonstone Coal Mine, an underground coal mine located approximately 62 kilometres north-east of Emerald, commenced operations in 1992. The life of the mine was thought to be about 25 years, with the project being undertaken as a joint venture by ARCO (an American oil company), Mitsui (a Japanese coal trader) and Australian company MLC. ARCO was the senior partner with 80% ownership. At the time, over $500 million was invested in the project. By 1996-97, total raw coal produced at Gordonstone Coal Mine was 4.4 million tonnes, breaking world production records for an underground coal mine.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after the federal Workplace Relations Act 1996 became law in mid-1997, 312 miner workers at the Gordonstone Coal Mine were dismissed, as the miners were not interested in accepting the companys direction that mine workers surrender conditions in their certified Enterprise Bargaining Agreement (EBA). The 312 mine workers, members of the Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union (CFMEU), resisted the companys attempts for them to agree to new terms, considering them unacceptable. The new agreements were products of the Workplace Relations Act, which established Australian Workplace Agreements as individual contracts between employer and employee instead of collective bargaining through Enterprise Bargaining Agreements. Considerable industrial trouble has resulted from enforcement of this provision.</p><br>
<p>By September 1997, two employees had accepted individual contracts, with the other 310 opting to remain with the EBA. With negotiations faltering, ARCO made the decision, on 1 October 1997, to retrench the entire production and engineering workforce of 312 employees. The mine workers subsequently set up a protest line on 6 October 1997. The protestors continued a 24 hours a day, 7 days a week protest that was to last for 22 months, becoming Australia&#39;s longest black coal industry dispute.</p><br>
<p>ARCO had kept on a management team of over 100 and commenced recruiting a new workforce. The Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC) ordered that the company give preference to former workers. The company refused to reopen the mine on those terms. The Gordonstone Coal Mine sat idle and in February 1998 the AIRC found that the dismissals had been unfair and ordered ARCO to pay compensation. The workers were awarded Australia&#39;s largest unfair dismissal ruling, leading to a payout of $4.6 million to 282 of the retrenched employees who brought applications to the AIRC.</p><br>
<p>In October 1998, companies wholly owned by Rio Tinto Limited negotiated to purchase the mine. The intention of Rio Tinto was to recommence mining operations utilising a new workforce not connected to the CFMEU. The CFMEU argued that Rio Tinto should re-engage the entire workforce that had previously been dismissed by ARCO, with proceedings commencing in the AIRC to obtain such a result. Rio Tinto claimed that the dispute was one between the CFMEU and Gordonstone Coal Management Pty Ltd, and that it was not involved. The ruling was made that Rio Tinto should be made a party to proceedings.</p><br>
<p>In the meantime, the protest line continued. When Rio Tinto Limited acquired the mine, the numbers on the protest line increased. It was during protracted legal actions that the members of the protest line decided that a reminder of its struggle was in order and set about designing and building a monument. The construction of the monument also served to assist the protestors in overcoming what was increasingly a frustrating and tedious daily existence as the legal battle associated with the retrenchments was being carried out in the AIRC and the Federal and High Courts. Members of the protest line gathered the materials for the monument, including stones and petrified wood, from the surrounding area. Concrete required for mortar was donated to the protest group.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the wall took approximately four months and was completed by November 1998. A ceremony to bless it was organised, to be followed by a day rally in Emerald. Initially, the local Roman Catholic priest was approached to undertake the blessing; however, he declined as the congregation was divided in its opinion over the Gordonstone mine issue. Eventually, the Captain of the Salvation Army, Steven Metcher, agreed to perform the blessing.</p><br>
<p>The Salvation Army, particularly Captain Metcher, had over the previous year, assisted with the counselling of many families who had been affected by events at the mine. The wall was officially blessed on 22 November 1998 with speeches being made by representatives of workers throughout Australia.</p><br>
<p>With the contract of purchase completed on 10 February 1999, Rio Tinto took over the control of the mine and immediately reopened it using a "scab" workforce (a derogatory term given to a person or employee willing to cross a picket line). This action aggravated the protest line and through the assistance of families, friends and associated groups and Unions, the numbers on the Lilyvale Stand (as it became known) increased once again. The protest line attempted to stop the non-union workforce entering or leaving the mine site - resulting in over 280 people being arrested over the next four months, including Labor MLA Jim Pearce, a former coal miner.</p><br>
<p>On 10 August 1999, the members of the Lilyvale Stand decided to remove the picket line, following a Supreme Court of Queensland injunction preventing the protesters from stopping workers entering or leaving the mine, which had been renamed by Rio Tinto from Gordonstone Coal Mine to Kestral Coal Pty Ltd.</p><br>
<p>It is estimated that over 5000 people, including mine workers from Tasmania, Western Australia and the Northern Territory, visited the picket line throughout the 22 month protest.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Lilyvale Stand Monument is a wall addressing both the Lilyvale Road (Gregory Mine Road) to the north and Kestral Coal Access Mine Road to the east.</p><br>
<p>The wall is approximately six metres along both the northern and eastern sides. It is approximately 1.2 metres high and one metre wide.</p><br>
<p>The wall is constructed predominantly of large stone blocks concreted together, with a large face stone, placed at the intersection of the wall lengths, addressing the Gregory Mine Road. The face stone contains spaces for four plaques. Some pieces of petrified timber have also been used in the construction of the wall.</p><br>
<p>The Lilyvale Stand Monument is situated approximately three kilometres away from the Kestral coal mine.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Lilyvale Stand Monument was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 April 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Lilyvale Stand Monument, constructed in 1998, is significant as a physical reminder of Australias longest running dispute in the black coal industry with a protest line that continued uninterrupted for a total of 22 months, from October 1997 until August 1999. It demonstrates the pattern of Queenslands industrial history whereby Unions and workers resist the implementation of industrial legislation which they consider unfavourable to them.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Lilyvale Stand Monument is also significant as it was constructed during the days of the protest line by members of the Lilyvale Stand, from materials obtained from the general area, rather than as a retrospective tribute to the protest line members. Strike memorials are uncommon in Queensland and those built on site during the dispute are particularly rare.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Lilyvale Stand Monument is significant for its strong social significance, particularly for its association with the workers from the Gordonstone Coal Mine, the Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union, and the families, friends and supporters of the mine workers who constructed it, as a representation of their determination to fight a retrenchment decision that the Australian Industrial Relations Commission later ruled to be a case of unfair dismissal.</p><br>
<p>Castletimon Ogham Stone  is a ogham stone and National Monument located near Brittas Bay, County Wicklow, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Castletimon Ogham Stone lies prone by the roadside 2.2 km west of Ballynacarrig beach, which opens onto Brittas Bay. Potter&#39;s River flows 260 m to the south.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Castletimon Ogham Stone was carved c. AD 350–550, and was rediscovered in 1854.</p><br>
<p>Local legend claims that the Ogham stone was once picked up by the Castletimon Giant and thrown down the hill; the scratches on it were left by his finger nails. Another says that a local man took the Ogham stone to use as a hob stone. The Aos Sí (fairies) got angry and made his cutlery dance and jiggle. After a week of this he returned the stone to its place.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Castletimon Ogham Stone measures 150 × 48 × 20 cm and has Ogham carvings incised on one edge. (, perhaps "Netacari, nephew of Cagi"). Variant readings include, or.</p><br>
<p>Tomahawk Creek Huts is a heritage-listed group of huts at Argyll near Rubyvale, Central Highlands Region, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 October 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tomahawk Creek Fossicking Area, about 25 kilometres west of Rubyvale, north-west of Emerald, is the most remote part of the Central Queensland Gemfields. It is about 2340 hectares in area, excised from a Grazing Homestead Perpetual Lease. The first huts were built in the 1960s on mining claims or under Miner&#39;s Right but in 1986 under the Mining (Fossicking) Act 1985 the area was designated a fossicking area and the huts made illegal and their residents squatters.</p><br>
<p>Fossicking areas are areas where the government has negotiated access for fossickers in advance and no commercial mining is allowed. On designated fossicking lands the government has negotiated the land owners&#39; permission in advance but some commercial mining under the appropriate legislation may occur. There are 11 designated fossicking areas in Queensland, five of them in Central Queensland, where camping with a permit for a maximum period of three months is allowed. No camping is permitted on the fossicking areas in south-east and north Queensland and there are no known huts in these areas. On the fossicking lands in western and south-west Queensland, out from Winton and Quilpie, camping with a permit is allowed for periods up to three months. There are also "general permission areas" where special conditions may apply, including Swipers Gully fossicking area near Stanthorpe, where camping is not permitted.</p><br>
<p>Houses and huts in the several townships on The Gemfields, but not at Tomahawk Creek, are now on regular titles and provided with town facilities. Tomahawk Creek is the largest fossicking area in the Gemfields.</p><br>
<p>The first sapphires were found on The Central Queensland Gemfields in 1870 and attracted hand miners. Archibald John Richardson, Government Surveyor and his partner Frank Fisher, erected a treatment plant but profit eluded them. In the 1890s interest from the nobility of Tsarist Russia and from German buyers stimulated the market for sapphires and a period of prosperity ensued, but these markets were lost with the onset of World War I and the Russian Revolution. Government assistance to the market kept miners on the field, with limited recovery in the 1940s. Through the years gemstone miners have lived in tents, and built huts of tin and poles, recycled materials and caravans. Small townships grew at Anakie, Sapphire, Rubyvale and The Willows.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s the price of gems increased and more tourists and gem collectors worked the fields. In 1965 machine mining began, with the first use of a bulldozer on the Gemfields. Thai buyers began visiting the fields in 1971 and output increased as heavy machinery mining became dominant, in competition and conflict with hand miners for whom some richer areas were reserved. In the late 1970s activity slowed but a core of machinery miners and hand miners remained. The Gemfields become a popular holiday destination for campers and caravanners during the cooler months.</p><br>
<p>Fossicking at Tomahawk Creek was active in the late 1960s, when the earliest extant huts were built, on occupation under Mining Claims, Leases and Permits to Occupy. Most occupants stayed during winter and holiday periods; there were 13 non-permanent huts and six permanent huts in January 2007. Most of the huts began as caravans to which annexes and lean-tos were added, with walls and roofs of galvanised iron and "billy boulders" (large irregular-shaped stones of hard siliceous material) and other light materials, on frames of poles. Toilets and showers usually were built some metres distant from the hut.</p><br>
<p>Designated as a fossicking area, and remote from the townships, Tomahawk Creek has not been machine mined but has been explored and mined by hand miners and tourists. The last Mining Claim expired about 1991, when two occupants applied for Permits to Occupy. There is no legal tenure of the other huts.</p><br>
<p>The hut known as "Tomahawk Heights" is on lot 9. It is a structure basically of galvanised iron, built after 1969 on a former camp site. There are four occasional occupants.</p><br>
<p>The most substantial hut in the area was built before 1984 on lot 17 by Hans and Eva Hendrickson who used a section as a shop. Known as "The Lodge", it is now occupied as a holiday place.</p><br>
<p>An A-frame hut known as "Camp David" was built at Mackay, transported to Tomahawk Creek and re-erected in Easter 1981, on Crystal Hill on lot 8. The front wall is made of coloured glass.</p><br>
<p>A hut of "billy boulders" and bottles, with three caravans, occupies lot 4. Its former permanent occupant (in April 2008) was relocating to a township.</p><br>
<p>The regular occupants of these huts function as a community, meeting regularly and sharing services such as shopping trips and medical visits to the towns. They have a strong sense of ownership of the place and its huts, and residents care for huts when their "owners" are absent.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Tomahawk Creek is an area of about 2340 hectares of undulating bushland, reached at 17 km on an unsealed road, the Reklaw Park track, which leaves the Clermont Road 27 km from Rubyvale. Tomahawk Creek forms the north-western boundary. Mount Hoy is a prominent basalt peak in the south-western area. When the sign-posted entrance is reached a number of tracks run through the area, but the main one runs roughly parallel to Hut Creek where most huts are located.</p><br>
<p>There were 21 huts in the area in 2006, five of which are now abandoned, ranging from five to 50 years old. Most were built around caravans with canvas annexes and roofs and walls of galvanised iron, supported by poles of bush timber, tied with wire, and recycled materials. Some are partly built of "billy boulders", especially the lower walls and outdoor barbecues. Open areas provide ventilation and cooling, with some innovative solutions to the summer heat. Three of the huts within the nominated boundary area are within about 250 metres of each other.</p><br>
<p>A stone hut known as "The Lodge", on lot 17, is the most substantial building in the area. It is 12-sided, a dodecahedron. The walls are made of "billy boulders", above which are horizontal logs between windows of various types using recycled materials. Around the base are air vents made from barrels with caps which can be opened to the exterior. Further ventilation is provided through the roof with slats of galvanised iron which can be opened from the inside, around the water tank that sits on the top of the roof, supported by a central pole. The roof is of galvanised iron. The hut has an electricity generator and a solar panel which charges 24 and 12 volt batteries. Inside is a wooden stove, its fireplace made from a fly wheel, and a conventional wood burning fuel stove. Similar to other huts in the area, any internal divisions are made of insubstantial materials, of hessian, scrap timber and iron.</p><br>
<p>An A-frame building, known as "Camp David " on Crystal Hill, on lot 8, was built off-site and re-erected in Easter 1984. It measures approximately 9m. in length, 6m. in width and is 6m. high at its apex. A Trimdeck roof is supported by steel struts. It has a mezzanine sleeping area and a staircase. The floor is laid with brick pavers. Power is provided by a generator. The front wall, facing east, is made of pieces of coloured glass held in place by aluminium strips.</p><br>
<p>A hut built largely of "billy boulders" and bottles occupies lot 4. Three caravans are on the site and incorporated as annexes to the hut.</p><br>
<p>A hut known as "Tomahawk Heights" occupies lot 9. Building began after 1969 where the occupant had previously camped. The walls are largely of "billy boulders" but it contains the remnants of a previous building. Power is provided by a solar panel and batteries. It has a stone fireplace and barbecue.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Tomahawk Creek Huts was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 October 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The huts at Tomahawk Creek are important as part of the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history and particularly of the Central Region Gemfields. They illustrate a way of life associated with fossicking with minimal technology and building with recycled materials.</p><br>
<p>The huts date from the 1960s with additions made in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Tomahawk Creek illustrates a way of life that has become endangered as land use that once was common has been regulated, and the solutions evident in the huts for living in difficult hot, dry climates have become rare.</p><br>
<p>Camping is confined under the Fossicking Act and Regulations to fossicking areas in Central Queensland and to three fossicking areas in remote western and south-west Queensland, for periods up to three months.</p><br>
<p>State government abolition of the Miner&#39;s Right on fossicking areas has resulted in a decrease in the occurrence of huts similar to those at Tomahawk Creek, and they are now rare and possibly the only survivors of an endangered tradition.</p><br>
<p>Mitchell State School  was a heritage-listed state school building at 105 Cambridge Street, Mitchell, Maranoa Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Department of Public Works  and built from 1913 to 1920 by G P Williams. It is also known as the 1914 Building. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 June 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This timber building was erected in 1914, and replaced a building erected in 1880.</p><br>
<p>The Mitchell Downs run was taken up during the 1850s. A Post Office opened at Mitchell Downs in 1865, mail services commencing for the surrounding district at this time. The Reserve for the town of Mitchell was gazetted in 1869, on the site of the Mitchell Downs head station, the owners having erected another homestead further west. The Booringa Division was gazetted in 1879 and Mitchell became the administrative centre for the Division and later the Shire of Booringa. The Western Railway line was extended to Mitchell in 1885, and Mitchell consolidated its position as the business centre of the surrounding pastoral district.</p><br>
<p>A provisional school for 20 pupils was established at Mitchell in 1876. A new school building and residence were completed by contractors Joseph and John Warren for £470 in 1880, by which time there were 66 pupils. The building consisted of 2 rooms with verandahs at the front and rear. The building was raised and reroofed in 1911.</p><br>
<p>By 1913 the school enrolment numbered just over 200, and complaints were received regarding the inadequacy of the existing building. Plans were prepared, and a new building was mostly completed in 1914 by contractor GP Williams for £1 351. During construction of the new building, lessons were taught in the old residence and the playsheds, and held in the supper room of the Shire Hall during winter. The new building was described as:"A modern compact wooden building placed on high stumps with area under concreted, and batten enclosed. A glazed partition divides the infants&#39; and main school rooms, both of which are cove-ceiled with stamped metal. Large gable windows, dormer and high verandah lights, give ample lighting and ventilation."The former school building was sold in 1914. The school residence was removed in 1915, and replaced by the present residence, completed in 1919.</p><br>
<p>Records indicate that the balance of the building was completed by 1920, in particular, inclusion of the dormer lights and metal ceiling. By the late 1940s the building appears to have been divided into three rooms, and a teachers room added to the south eastern side of the building. Crowded and unsatisfactory teaching conditions by 1950 prompted proposals for major alterations, including the removal of the existing verandah and teachers room and their re-erection on the northwestern side of the building, and an extension to the classroom area at the western end of the building. It does not appear however, that these proposals were ever followed through. A portion of the northwestern verandah was enclosed in 1959 to form a library room, and by the early 1980s the library occupied a large former classroom area.</p><br>
<p>From the early 1900s, the garden appears to have been a focus of school activity, with mention made of experiments in wheat culture and experimental plot and flower gardens. References to project clubs date from the mid 1940s, and included clubs associated with fruit, vegetables, flowers, bee keeping and poultry.</p><br>
<p>Accommodation for vocational education classes was provided in 1922, by enclosing a shed in the school yard. In 1949, the school on the Aboriginal Reserve was closed, and the building moved to the Mitchell State School where it was converted for domestic science and manual training classes. This building has been removed from the site. Other additions to the school undertaken from the 1950s, have included the erection of additional primary school facilities, the addition of a wing for secondary school classes, the erection of a new building for home economics and manual arts, and a new administration block.</p><br>
<p>The building was removed from the Queensland Heritage Register in June 2015 having been destroyed.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The 1914 school building, now known as Block A, was located on the school reserve bounded by Oxford, Ann, Margaret and Cambridge Streets. Positioned at the centre of the school complex, the north western verandah of the building formed part of the circulation between newer adjoining buildings.</p><br>
<p>A single storeyed building elevated on concrete stumps, the school was a timber-framed structure with weatherboard walls and a corrugated iron roof. The former classroom area was rectangular in plan, with verandahs running along the full extent of the longer north western and south-eastern facades. Outside the basic rectangle was the former teachers room, which was positioned in the centre of the south-eastern facade abutting the adjacent verandah. A large gable roof covered the classrooms and verandahs while a smaller gable, protruding from the centre of the main roof, covers the former teachers room. An ornate ventilator was mounted centrally on the ridge of the main roof. Below the ventilator on both sides of the roof were banks of dormer windows. A number of roof lights were added to the roof.</p><br>
<p>The former teacher&#39;s room wa accessed from the south-eastern verandah. On both sides of this room were external timber staircases which connect the elevated verandah with the ground. The south-eastern verandah was later enclosed with small rooms built into both ends. A single timber staircase led to the centre of the north western verandah which was partly enclosed.</p><br>
<p>Casement windows, positioned symmetrically in the gable ends, were protected by timber framed awnings. The former classroom area featured a coved pressed metal ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The concrete play area under the building was partly enclosed by corrugated iron screen walls and timber battens.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Mitchell State School (1914 Building) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 June 1994 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The 1914 building was the earliest remaining school building in Mitchell.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The timber architecture was typical in both layout and detail of early 20th century classroom accommodation designed by the Queensland Works Department.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The 1914 building has a strong association with the Mitchell community.</p><br>
<p>Busta Rhymes Island is the proposed name of an unnamed island in Shrewsbury, Worcester County, Massachusetts. The island is named after the rapper Busta Rhymes and is located in Mill Pond in Shrewsbury and measures 40x40 feet. The proposal was made by Shrewsbury resident Kevin OBrien who began frequenting and caring for the upkeep of the island. OBrien stated he wanted it to be called Busta Rhymes Island as it had "rope-swinging, blueberries, and... stuff Busta would enjoy."</p><br>
<p>OBrien has attempted to register the name with the United States Board on Geographic Names, however the name was refused as the rules require the person commemorated to have been dead for at least 5 years. OBrien has since attempted to have the name adopted officially through a rule related to local usage of a name, and has named the Island on Google Maps. A petition has been created for the US Board on Geographic Names to formally recognise the name.</p><br>
<p>The island and the campaign to officially name it Busta Rhymes Island was the central topic of an episode of 99% Invisible which explored the naming of places.</p><br>
<p>Greenfield Public Square Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Greenfield, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. The historic district covers part of the city&#39;s central business district in the center of the original town plat. There is a significant number of one- and two-story, brick, commercial buildings, as well as a few three-story structures. The Commercial Italianate style is dominant. While the vast majority of the buildings are commercial buildings, there are four government buildings in the district: the Adair County Courthouse , public library , city hall , and the municipal light plant . Besides the courthouse, the other buildings that are individually listed on the National Register include Warren Opera House Block and Hetherington Block , Adair County Democrat-Adair County Free Press Building , and the Hotel Greenfield .</p><br>
<p>The most unique feature of the district is the square itself, which is the contributing site. It is a Lancaster Square, of which there was only one other in an Iowa county seat, Fort Dodge. Unlike Greenfield, the courthouse in Fort Dodge was never in the square. In a Lancaster Square the streets enter the square in the middle of the surrounding blocks rather than at the corners (a Shelbyville Square), which is the most common form of public square in Iowa. The streets that surround the square are not named, so building addresses are rendered with the building number and then "Public Square." Building numbers begin on the west side of South First Street with 102 and follow clock-wise around the square ending at the east side of South First Street with 362.</p><br>
<p>The Playa Bristol is a beach in Mar del Plata, Argentina, named after the Bristol Hotel.</p><br>
<p>At one time it was highly fashionable, drawing the elite of Buenos Aires for vacations.</p><br>
<h2>Early years (to 1940s)</h2><br>
<p>In the mid-19th century the beach was the location of a small port.</p><br>
<p>The rancher Patricio Peralta Ramos created the first settlement by the sea.</p><br>
<p>The railway arrived in 1886, bringing the first vacationers.</p><br>
<p>At first the hotels were simple, until the luxurious 3-story Bristol Hotel was built, occupying three blocks.</p><br>
<p>The Bristol opened in 1888, and was patronised by wealthy families of Buenos Aires and other parts of the country who would come to bathe in the sea.</p><br>
<p>Many of the leading citizens of Buenos Aires came to the opening of the Hotel Bristol by overnight train.</p><br>
<p>The first wooden ramblas (promenades) were opened, and the first residences began to be built.</p><br>
<p>When Mar del Plata was declared a city in 1907 the resort was called the "Biarritz of Argentina".</p><br>
<p>In 1913 the French rambla was opened, with ceramic pavements from Belgium, balustrades and Greco-Roman statues.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1920s wealthy families began to build chalets and mansions near the Hotel Bristol, and spent their days at the beach.</p><br>
<p>They would live in Mar del Plata from November until Easter.</p><br>
<p>The local citizens began to use the beach, calling their section the Playa Popular.</p><br>
<p>Some of the wealthy visitors moved away to the Playa Chica and Playa Grande south of the city.</p><br>
<h2>Later changes (1940s to 2000)</h2><br>
<p>More than eight hundred false killer whales beached themselves on the shores of Mar del Plato, mostly on the Playa Bristol, on the afternoon of 10 October 1946.</p><br>
<p>They came in compact groups, and made no efforts to return to the water.</p><br>
<p>Some people stabbed the animals, shot them or cut off their fins.</p><br>
<p>A police guard was placed to stop this cruelty.</p><br>
<p>When the bodies began to decompose they were towed out to sea for 3 km.</p><br>
<p>The waves returned some bodies to the beach, and two of the skeletons were dissected.</p><br>
<p>Mar del Plata became a resort for Peronist "social tourism", no longer restricted to the wealthy.</p><br>
<p>The French rambla was demolished in the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The Bristol Hotel has also been demolished.</p><br>
<p>The casino and the present rambla were already being built.</p><br>
<p>The Gran Hotel Provincial and the Casino Central opened in 1950, the largest hotel in Argentina and the largest casino in the world at the time.</p><br>
<p>They are an impressive complex of buildings along the Rambla Casino, which has a monumental staircase with stone sculptures of sea lions on each side.</p><br>
<p>Small traditional bars opened in the arcades of the Hotel Provincial and the Casino, many of them now gone.</p><br>
<p>Over time the beach eroded until it became quite narrow.</p><br>
<p>In 1999 new sand was brought in, and it is now almost 100 m from the promenade to the shore.</p><br>
<h2>Recent times (from 2000)</h2><br>
<p>The beach is the most popular in Mar del Plata, mainly due to its proximity to the commercial centre of the city.</p><br>
<p>Playa Bristol and Plaza Colon, in front of the Casino Central, are the focus of the town for visitors.</p><br>
<p>Both the beach and the water often contain garbage such as plastic bottles or cigarette packages, although six tons of garbage are collected every day.</p><br>
<p>There are two public washrooms.</p><br>
<p>The beach covers 80,000 m&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>In the high season there are 20,000 visitors each day.</p><br>
<p>There is only a gentle surf, but many of the visitors swim.</p><br>
<p>Four lifeguards rescue five people each day, on average.</p><br>
<p>Visitors may rent a beach umbrella, have their picture taken or listen to free street musicians.</p><br>
<p>Lucas County Courthouse Square Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Chariton, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. The historic district covers the city&#39;s central business district in the original town plat. The buildings were either built or remodeled between 1867 and 1963, and range from one- to three-stories in height. They all have brick exteriors. Of the older buildings, the commercial Italianate style is dominant.</p><br>
<p>While the vast majority of the buildings are commercial buildings, there are five public buildings in the district: the Lucas County Courthouse (1893), Chariton Free Public Library (1904), the former Lucas County Sheriffs Residence and Jail (1916), the USA Post Office (1918), and Chariton City Hall and Fire Station (1931). Three fraternal buildings are included in the district: the Knights of Pythias Hall (1894), the IOOF Building (1904), and the American Legion (1925). Two commercial buildings that are individually listed on the National Register include the Chariton Herald-Patriot Building (1918), Hotel Charitone (1923).</p><br>
<p>The Burlington Railroad Overpass is a historic structure located northwest of Chariton, Iowa, United States. It spans the BNSF Railway tracks for 322 ft. The Iowa State Highway Commission  designed several steel deck arch bridges in the 1930s to replace grade railroad crossings. The three-hinge arch is supported by concrete arch pedestals and was designed to cross the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad tracks. ISHC contracted with Ben Cole and Son of Ames, Iowa in 1936 to build the structure, which was completed a year later. The roadway has been widened and guardrails have been replaced in subsequent years. It is the only example of this bridge type left in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Chariton Public Library is located in Chariton, Iowa, United States. The Library and Reading Room Association was formed in Chariton in 1879, but it was short-lived. The county superintendent of schools started a teachers library in the courthouse sometime afterward. By this time the community had a library of 800 volumes. There was an effort by study clubs in town in 1898 to raise money and establish a free public library. The Chariton Federation of Womens Clubs took the lead and opened a library with the books from the courthouse in two rooms above Gibbons Drug Store on the town square. Citizens approved a local tax to support the library the following year.</p><br>
<p>Librarian Margaret Brown and Library Board President Thomas Gay applied to the Carnegie Corporation of New York for a grant to build a library building, and on January 13, 1903 they were awarded $11,000. The Chicago architectural firm of Patton & Miller was chosen to design the new building. It was dedicated on October 28, 1904. The Neoclassical style building is a single-story structure of dark brown rock-faced brick with Bedford stone trim. The symmetrical facade features a projecting portico with stone columns in the Doric order, brick pilasters, a stone cornice, and a triangular brick and stone pediment. The building is capped with a hip roof The interior plan of the building became known as the "Chariton Plan" because it was first used here before it was used for other libraries in Iowa.</p><br>
<p>In 1993 the Mason City, Iowa architectural firm of Bergland & Cram designed an addition that was added to the rear of the building. The library building was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Ord of Caithness is a granite mass on the east coast of the Highland council area of Scotland, on the boundary of the counties Sutherland and Caithness. It is 2 mi north-east of Helmsdale. It forms a headland 198 m high, known as Ord Point. The A9 road passes above the Ord; there are sharp bends as it follows the contours.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Historically, "the grim barrier of the Ord guaranteed its isolation, and travellers who passed that way were greatly impressed by the experience." It was described in the 1880s: "The old road over it, formerly the only land ingress to Caithness, traversed the crest of its stupendous seaward precipices at a height and in a manner most appalling to both man and beast... even the present road, formed in 1811... has very stiff gradients."</p><br>
<p>Boomplaas Cave is located in the Cango Valley in the foothills of the Swartberg mountain range, north of Oudtshoorn, Eden District Municipality in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. It has a 5 m deep stratified archaeological sequence of human presence, occupation and hunter-gatherer/herder acculturation dating back 80,000 years. The site&#39;s documentation contributed to the reconstruction of palaeo-environments in the context of changes in climate within periods of the Late Pleistocene  and the Holocene . The cave has served multiple functions during its occupation, such as a kraal  for animals, a place for the storage of oil rich fruits and as a hunting camp. Circular stone hearths and calcified dung remains of domesticated sheep as well as stone adzes and pottery art  were excavated indicating that humans lived at the site and kept animals.</p><br>
<p>Note: The site is not to be confused with the Blombos Cave and is not situated in the Boomplaas region, Chris Hani District Municipality, Eastern Cape.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>The excavation conducted by H.J. Deacon from 1974 to 1979 was part of an archaeological and palaeo-ecological study (including the Klasies River Caves) to provide information on changes in vegetation and fauna, the cultural sequence and the function of the cave in the area. Together the sequences of the Boomplaas Cave and the Klasies River have established a unique record of the last 125,000 years for the region and southern Africa.</p><br>
<p>Faunal remains are preserved in all layer that include bone accumulated through human occupation and the bones of rodents, accumulated by owls roosting in the cave when humans were absent. Comparative faunal samples were collected from carnivore lairs (hyena and leopard) in the valley and from other owl roosts and a vegetation survey of the surroundings was undertaken. Records provided a base for the interpretation of charcoal and plant remains and to assess the effects of climate fluctuations on vegetation and animal life.</p><br>
<p>Analysis of the artifacts in the Upper Pleistocene sequence suggest that the boundary between the Middle and Later Stone Age traditions is placed here between 30,000 and 40,000 years BP. and that while the Middle Stone Age populations may have been anatomically modern, their behaviour patterns do not show comparable continuity with the ethnographic present.</p><br>
<h2>Deposits</h2><br>
<p>The stratigraphy of the deposits is very distinct and clearly visible and is documented in terms of sets of broadly contemporary layers (members), individual layers (units) and parts of layers (sub-units). The members recognised in the Boomplaas sequence are described as follows, from the top to the bottom.</p><br>
<p>CBM Member - late 18th century and early 19th century</p><br>
<p>DGL Member - around 1,700 years ago</p><br>
<p>BLD Member - 2,000 years ago</p><br>
<p>BLA Member - 6,500 years ago</p><br>
<p>BRL Member - 10,000 years ago</p><br>
<p>CL Member - between 14,500 and 12,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>GWA/HCA Member - 17,500 years ago</p><br>
<p>LP Member - around the Last Glacial Maximum</p><br>
<p>LPC Member - almost 22,000 years ago</p><br>
<p>YOL Member - between 22,000 and about 32,000 years ago</p><br>
<p>BP Member - 32,000 years ago</p><br>
<p>OLP Member - 42,000 years ago</p><br>
<p>BOL Member - suggested age 65,000 years</p><br>
<p>OCH Member - 80,000 years</p><br>
<p>LOH Member - bedrock layer</p><br>
<p>Source:</p><br>
<h2>Notable Artifacts</h2><br>
<p>The oldest artifacts (BOL) are triangular stone flakes with facetted platforms.</p><br>
<p>The stone artifact assemblage of the BOL Member and of the BP Member are made primarily of quartzite and include long flake blades (longer than 100 mm ) with lateral retouch on the main flake surface.</p><br>
<p>At the YOL Member most objects are typical Middle Stone Age artifacts.</p><br>
<p>The artifacts associated with the CL Member are classified within the Robberg industry (LSA) (bladelet industry of southern Africa), characterized by numbers of small blades (bladelets) and the small conical cores that produced them.</p><br>
<p>The artifacts from BLA is assigned to the Wilton industry (Late Stone Age culture in southern Africa) with a higher frequency of backed tools than in BLD and DGL, associated with small scrapers and adzes.</p><br>
<p>Several mammal species disappear during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition and a shift from hunting larger bodied animals like zebra and wildebeest to hunting or trapping smaller grysbok-sized antelope occurs.</p><br>
<p>Ancestral Khoekhoen settlers account for leftovers of stone tools, ornamented pottery and seed storage pits in the most recent layers. (BLD, DGL).</p><br>
<p>The Victoria is a public house dating from 1867. It was built using part of the front building of The Lido, Bristol. Inside there are two rooms and an original 19th century fireplace, with the remainder of fixtures and fittings replaced more recently. The Victoria was designated Grade II* listed building status in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Victoria public house occupies a corner of the site of The Lido, Bristol, taking a portion of the front building. On one side of the building is the spa entrance to the Lido, with the pool on the other side. The public house was converted from part of the original lido buildings and was opened by 1867. The door to the public house is a later addition, meaning the building frontage has one door in the centre for the pool and one slightly to the right.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the pub comprises two rooms, with the original 19th century fireplace remaining in the pub. The remainder of the interior has been replaced with modern fixtures and fittings. The lido and accompanying public house were designated Grade II* listed building status on 12 June 1998</p><br>
<p>The pub remained open during the lido&#39;s closure and was not considered for demolition when the pool was. Originally a tied house of Georges Bristol Brewery, it passed to Ushers of Trowbridge in the 1960s and then through several hands. Since early 2006 the pub has been refurbished and operated by Dawkins Ales, a small local pub group and brewery, the third pub owned by the brewery.</p><br>
<p>The Calhoun Depot was a railway station of the Western & Atlantic Railroad that was built by the State of Georgia during 1852-53 in Calhoun, Georgia. Unusual for railroads, the Western & Atlantic Railroad was owned and operated by a USA state. Calhoun is on its route built from Atlanta, Georgia to Chattanooga, Tennessee. Like other brick or stone depots on the line, the Calhoun Depot was involved in but survived the American Civil War. It was part of the Great Locomotive Chase.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the NRHP in 1982. It was deemed significant architecturally "because it represents an antebellum depot designed and built to serve its essential functions. Its simple lines and fundamental, utilitarian styling exemplifies the early, unpretentious frontier times of North Georgia in which it was created." The depot was also deemed significant in transportation history "because it symbolizes the effect the arrival of the railroad had on the area."</p><br>
<p>The town of Calhoun, which grew from a settlement known as Oothcalooga, is in area that was taken from the Cherokee Nation in the 1830s. Its location was in Cass County and then Bartow County. At some point it became a railroad stop and finally in 1850 it became the first county seat of new Gordon County. Oothcalooga was soon renamed to Calhoun.</p><br>
<p>According to its NRHP nomination, "The selection of the site for a railroad stop was a prime factor in its later becoming the county seat. The railroad served as a major travel artery, as well as a supply line during the Civil War. It was also part of one of the war&#39;s most famous events, during the Great Locomotive Chase."</p><br>
<p>After 1890, the State-owned W & A Line was leased to the L & N Railroad. As of 1982, freight service continued on the line, although passenger service had been discontinued in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Crossoona Rath is a ringfort located in County Wicklow, Ireland. Together with a nearby ogham stone, it forms a National Monument.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Crossoona Rath is located on the SE face of Kilranelagh Hill, near two tributaries of the Slaney and 6.5 km east of Baltinglass.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Crossoona Rath is believed to have been the dwelling of several (semi)historical figures of the first millennium AD:</p><br>
<p>Eochaid Doimlén of Ráth Imáil, first-century King of Leinster lived near the Glen of Imaal</p><br>
<p>Buchet, hero of the 10th-century tale Esnada Tige Buchet ("The Melodies of Buchet&#39;s House"), is believed to have lived "at or near the present Kilranelagh House” on Kilranelagh Hill</p><br>
<p>Rónán mac Aed, in the literary historical fiction Fingal Rónáin ("The Kinslaying of Ronan"), lived at or near Kilranelagh Hill</p><br>
<p>Crossoona Rath is a likely home for at least some of these people: it is a spacious enclosure situated on the southeast slope of the hill, and is protected from the weather on the north and west by the bulk of the hill, on the north by the higher Spinans Hill, and on the east by the much higher Keadeen.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Crossoona Rath is roughly circular and is defined by an earth and stone bank and external moat, with outer bank to the south. Foundations of two stone structures are in the northwest part.</p><br>
<h3>Ogham stone</h3><br>
<p>The ogham stone (CIIC 50) is located inside the rath and has been dated to AD 400–500 and reads ᚛ᚃᚑᚈᚔ᚜ (VOTI or FOTI), possibly the genitive of a personal name Votas or Votus, or maybe related to the Irish words foth (“law, claim, right”) or fotha (“base, foundation").</p><br>
<p>Hovgaard Island  is an island of the Nordenskiöld Archipelago in the Kara Sea, off the coast of Siberia.</p><br>
<p>Administratively this island belongs to the Krasnoyarsk Krai Federal subject of Russia and is part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve, the largest nature reserve of Russia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Hovgaard Island is located in the southwestern area of the archipelago on the northern side of the Matisen Strait. The island is 3 km long and has a maximum width of little less than 1 km in its southern part.</p><br>
<p>It is part of the Vilkitsky Islands (острова Вилькицкого) —also known as Dzhekman Islands— subgroup of the Nordenskiöld Archipelago. The closest islands are Dzhekman Island 3.4 km to the northwest and Ovalnyy Island 2.3 km to the northeast. Hovgaard Island lies about 8 km north of Nansen Island and less than 11 km northwest of the NW point of Taymyr Island across the Matisen Strait.</p><br>
<p>The climate in the archipelago is severe and the sea surrounding the island is covered with fast ice in the winter and often obstructed by pack ice even in the summer.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1900, the islands of the Nordenskiöld Archipelago were explored by Russian Navy Captain Fyodor Matisen during the Polar Expedition on behalf of the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences led by geologist Baron Eduard Von Toll aboard ship Zarya.</p><br>
<p>This island was named after Andreas Hovgaard, a Polar explorer and officer of the Danish Navy who led an expedition to the Kara Sea on steamship Dijmphna in 1882-83.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Albert Hastings Markham. Arctic Exploration, 1895</p><br>
<p>Little Falls is an area of rapids located where the Potomac River crosses the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, descending from the harder and older rocks of the Piedmont Plateau to the softer sediments of the Atlantic coastal plain. Situated at the point where Washington, DC, Maryland and Virginia meet, it is the first "cataract", or barrier, to navigation encountered on the Potomac River in going upstream. It may be viewed from the heavily-trafficked Chain Bridge, about a half mile downstream. It is named in contradistinction to Great Falls, about 5 miles further upstream.</p><br>
<p>Captain John Smith (1580–1631) of England was the first European to explore the Potomac as far as Little Falls. When he arrived there in 1608 he noted that "as for deer, buffaloes, bears and turkeys, the woods do swarm with them and the soil is extremely fertile." By 1757, the name of a nearby Anglican Church building — "The Falls Church" — referenced this location near the main tobacco rolling road circumventing Little Falls. The local settlement of Falls Church, Virginia, which grew up there, soon followed suit.</p><br>
<h2>Namesakes</h2><br>
<p>Little Falls Dam (Potomac River)</p><br>
<p>Little Falls Reservoir, Montgomery County, Maryland</p><br>
<p>Little Falls Branch, Montgomery County, Maryland</p><br>
<p>Little Falls Park, Montgomery County, Maryland</p><br>
<p>Little Falls Parkway, Montgomery County, Maryland</p><br>
<p>The Falls Church, Falls Church, Virginia (est. 1732)</p><br>
<p>Academy Bay  is a large bay in the Tuguro-Chumikansky District of Khabarovsk Krai, Russian Federation.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Academy Bay is located to the south of the Shantar Islands, in the western Sea of Okhotsk. Its western and eastern points, Seneka Point and Cape Wrangel, are 56 km (35 mi) apart, while the bay itself is 88.5 km (55 mi) deep in a southwesterly direction.</p><br>
<p>The bay has three branches: Konstantina Bay to the west, Ulban Bay to the south, and Nikolaya Bay to the east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Academy Bay was named by Alexander von Middendorff after the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences (Петербургская академия наук) during his 1844 - 1845 expedition to the area.</p><br>
<p>Academy Bay was frequented by American whaleships hunting bowhead whales between 1853 and 1885. They called its southern branch Ulban Bay Mercury Bay (though this term was sometimes applied to the entire gulf). Benjamin F. Wing, master of the ship Good Return, reported as many as forty-five other ships in the bay in 1854. Two ships were wrecked in the bay: the ship Washington, of Sag Harbor, in Ulban Bay in 1855 and the ship Natchez, of New Bedford, in Nikolaya Bay in 1856.</p><br>
<p>Russian schooners and boat crews from Mamga also cruised for bowheads in the bay from 1865 to 1871.</p><br>
<p>During a four day period in mid-September 1968, the Soviet factory ship Vladivostok and its fleet of whale catchers illegally caught over sixty balaenids (likely bowheads) in and near Academy Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>In the summer beluga whales aggregate in estuaries at the heads of Ulban and Nikolaya bays to feed on spawning salmon. Bowhead whales are a common sight in the gulf in the summer. Killer whales, which have been seen preying on bowheads in the gulf, also occur here.</p><br>
<p>Big Heart Lake is the most remote and highest-elevation on-trail lake in the West Fork Foss River system. It is a 14.6 mi round-trip hike from the trailhead, just off of the Foss River Road. The lake is located in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area within King County, Washington.</p><br>
<p>Reaching Big Heart Lake requires a significant elevation gain of over 3,000 feet from the trailhead, and the lake itself has a surface elevation of 4,418 feet.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Big Heart Lake demonstrates many of the typical attributes of higher elevation lakes. These lakes often have high productivity rates during the summer but over the entire year are relatively unproductive. This results in widely varying fish populations across the alpine lakes in Washington. However, a common trait of alpine trout is possessing a head disproportionately large in comparison to the body. When this trait is observed it is a direct reflection of low productivity in the lake, as the fish is not able to find enough food to support body growth or size equivalent to that of its head. Big Heart itself has been stocked with fish at least three times in its history. Each time, once in 2001, 2005, and 2009, about 15,000 fish consisting of a mix of rainbow and cutthroat trout were deposited in the lake. During the summer, this lake experiences a may fly hatch most days.</p><br>
<h2>Popularity</h2><br>
<p>Big Heart Lake along with the other Foss Lakes has long been one of the most popular hikes or backpacking trips in the Cascades. The area is well known for its multitude of gorgeous lakes and options accessible while on a trip to Big Heart Lake. A national parks pass is required to park at the trail head and a self issued Alpine Lakes Wilderness permit is also required.</p><br>
<p>Moylisha Wedge Tomb, also called Labbanasighe, is a wedge-shaped gallery grave and National Monument located in County Wicklow, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Moylisha Wedge Tomb is located on the north face of Moylisha Hill, 6.1 km west of Shillelagh.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Moylisha Wedge Tomb was constructed c. 2300–1000 BC, i.e. the Copper Age or Bronze Age. The old name "Labbanasighe" is from Irish leaba na saidhe, meaning "Bed of the Bitch" (i.e. female dog). The site was excavated in 1937 by Gearóid Ó h-Iceadha and potsherds, some cremated bone and two stone disks were found. Also found were two valves of a sandstone mould for lozenge-bladed socket-looped spearheads.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Moylisha Wedge Tomb consists of a rectangular cairn 13 m × 10 m incorporating a gallery 7.5 m in length aligned NW–SE. The gallery consists of a small antechamber separated by a low sill from the main chamber 6 m in length which widens toward the southeast. A single displaced roofstone lies in the gallery.</p><br>
<p>Chariton City Hall and Fire Station is located in Chariton, Iowa, United States. The combination building was designed by city engineer William L. Perkins, who had become known for designing residential and public buildings. The new facility came about because of the inadequate wood frame facilities they shared, and it was underscored by a fire that destroyed the center section of the south side of the town square in March 1930. While its dedication did not take place until March 1932, the city took possession of the completed facility in December 1931. An addition for the fire department was completed in 1979. While the asymmetrical facade and the recessed limestone surround of the main entrance reflects the Art Deco style that was popular at the time, the building&#39;s styling reflects the Neoclassical style. It is primarily found in the pilasters that flank the entrance, and the low relief emblems and festoons on the stone panels. The city hall\fire station was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>J. A. D. Jensen Nunataks  are a nunatak group in Greenland. Administratively it falls under the Sermersooq Municipality.</p><br>
<p>This geographic feature was named after Danish naval officer and Arctic explorer Jens Arnold Diderich Jensen.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The J. A. D. Jensen Nunataks are located in Southwest Greenland to the northeast of the Dalager Nunataks, near the western limit of the Greenland Ice Sheet and about 60 km from the coast.</p><br>
<p>The nunatak area is 13 km in length and its maximum width is 8 km; the highest elevation is located at the southeastern end and is 1,667.8 m high.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Polar climate prevails in the region. The average annual temperature in the area of the J. A. D. Jensen Nunataks is -14 °C. The warmest month is July when the average temperature reaches -4 °C and the coldest is February when the temperature sinks to -20 °C.</p><br>
<p>Sydney Lake is a small glacial lake located about 46 miles from Minaki, Ontario. It was named after Sydney Forester, who surveyed the area in the early 20th century for the Dominion of Canada.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Native Americans inhabited the land in unknown time period. Evidence of this is seen in pictographs and rock paintings in nearby Pineapple Lake. Hudson&#39;s Bay Company set up a fur trade post on the Sturgeon River, a primary outflow of the lake. In 1933, John Fahlgren purchased a plot of land from entrepreneur Anton Vick. In 1950, Fahlgren contracted a small cabin for guests to come and stay.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>In 1980, Sydney Lake Lodge opened. Water temperatures in Sydney Lake range from 45 °F (7.2 °C) and 70 °F (21.1 °C) providing habitat for both cold water and warm water fish including walleye, northern pike, and lake trout. There are over 100 islands located throughout the lake and its connecting bays, streams, and coves. Wildlife present in the area include beavers, marmots, wolverines, black bears, grizzly bears, moose, bald eagles, various types of birds, and turtles. A section of the lake is in Woodland Caribou Provincial Park.</p><br>
